{"id":103796,"date":"2021-08-31T17:53:05","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T21:53:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/?p=103796"},"modified":"2021-11-15T05:20:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-15T09:20:29","slug":"white-cockatoo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/white-cockatoo\/","title":{"rendered":"White Cockatoo"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Amarilys Lebron<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Frank Lambert<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The White Cockatoo<\/strong> is severely persecuted for the illegal cagebird trade, and is becoming endangered as a result.\u00a0 Although it has declined rapidly, populations remain in several parts of Halmahera, including relatively accessible areas such as Kali Batu Putih in the west, Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park in the east, and Weda in the south.\u00a0 An introduced flock in Puerto Rico can often be found in the Tintillo Hills neighborhood east of Julio Enrique Monaga National Park.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cacatua alba<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Cacatuidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Endemic to Indonesia\u2019s Bacan Islands: Halmahera and the adjacent islands of Bacan, Ternate, Tidore, Kasiruta, and Mandioli,<\/strong> where it occurs in all forest types, in lowlands and foothills up to around 900 m elevation.<\/p>

In Puerto Rico, a flock numbering up to 15 individuals has inhabited the Tintillo Hills neighborhood of Bayam\u00f3n since the mid-1990s.<\/p>

An introduced population has been reported as established on Taiwan\u2014however, surveys of exotic cockatoos on the island in 1998-2000 found only four Whites, which suggests that it is unlikely to be self-sustaining.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A large white cockatoo with a luxuriant all-white crest\u2014which has inspired the aviculturist name Umbrella Cockatoo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo with its all-white crest raised\u2014note that this is an isolated feral individual.\u00a0 (Wilhelmina Rise, Honolulu, Hawaii; December 7, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Satoko Lincoln<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The plumage is entirely white except for the undersides of the wings and tail, which are suffused with yellow (a feature shared with other white cockatoos).<\/p>

Males and females differ in the color of their irises: dark brown in males, reddish in females.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, showing that it can also appear off-white.\u00a0 (Weda, Halmahera, Indonesia; September 28, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Simon van der Meulen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo with its all-white crest flattened.\u00a0 (Foli, Halmahera, Indonesia; September 13, 2007.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Pete Morris \/ Birdquest<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo\u2014note its enormous bill and the yellowish wash on the undertail.\u00a0 (Maluku Utara, Indonesia.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sam Woods<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, dorsal view in flight.\u00a0 (Weda, Halmahera, Indonesia; August 31, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sam Woods \/ Tropical Birding Tours<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, ventral view in flight, showing yellow tint on underwing.\u00a0 (Halmahera, Indonesia; May 28, 2006.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ong Kiem Sian<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Voice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Typical calls are harsh, hoarse, guttural barks, given in series: Bacan, Indonesia; November 1991.\u00a0 \u00a9 Frank Lambert<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Often calls insistently, incessantly for minutes at a time: Bacan, Indonesia; November 1991.\u00a0 \u00a9 Frank Lambert<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Alternative calls include mournful trumpeting: Kali Batu Putih, Halmahera, Indonesia.\u00a0 \u00a9 Peter Roskams<\/strong><\/a>; and Halmahera, Indonesia.\u00a0 \u00a9 Filip Verbelen<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic species.<\/p>

IUCN Red List Status: Endangered<\/strong>.<\/p>

See below for comparisons of White Cockatoo with Salmon-crested Cockatoo<\/strong><\/a>, Tanimbar Corella<\/strong><\/a>, and Solomons Corella<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Salmon-crested Cockatoo<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 White and Salmon-crested Cockatoos are sibling species that are endemic to nearby island groups in the Moluccas\u2014White to the Bacan Islands and Salmon-crested to Seram and its neighbors.\u00a0 They do not occur together naturally, but because both are popular cagebirds both have been found living ferally outside of their natural ranges, often in the same areas (e.g., Hawaii and Puerto Rico).\u00a0 Moreover, it appears that they may have hybridized at least once in Hawaii, potentially producing intermediate offspring.<\/p>

They are approximately the same size, with similarly-shaped crests and similar coloration.\u00a0 The White Cockatoo is nearly all-white (with yellowish underwings and undertail) and Salmon-crested usually has a pinkish tone in its coloration (with pinkish, orangish, or yellowish underwings and undertail), but the tones of both species vary and viewing conditions make subtle differences in tone unreliable for identification.\u00a0 The only consistent difference is the presence or absence of pink in the crest\u2014however, this is sometimes concealed, and hybrid offspring are also likely to show some pink in the crest, so even the crest coloration is somewhat unreliable for identification.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Salmon-crested Cockatoo (at left) with a White Cockatoo preening it\u2014apparently a mated pair.\u00a0 (Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, Hawaii; August 16, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Walter Oshiro<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Tanimbar Corella<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 White Cockatoo and Tanimbar Corella are similar species that are endemic to nearby islands in eastern Indonesia.\u00a0 They do not occur together naturally, but as popular cagebirds both could occur nearly anywhere, and both have been found in feral mixed-species flocks in Hawaii, Singapore, and Taiwan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tanimbar Corella, appearing nearly all-white\u2014note horn-colored bill and pink feathers in the lores.\u00a0 (Changi, Singapore; April 15, 2005.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mervin Quah<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, apparently a young bird with a short crest\u2014appearing much like a Tanimbar Corella, but note the black bill with all-white feathering around its base.\u00a0 (Singapore; December 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Bryan Yeung<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Both are mostly white and have conspicuous, saucer eyes\u2014a big-eyed impression caused by their white orbital skin.\u00a0 White Cockatoo is somewhat larger overall, with longer crest feathers, and Tanimbar Corella usually has a detectable pinkish blush in its plumage.\u00a0 However, White Cockatoos sometimes appear off-white, and younger individuals can have shorter crests, whereas Tanimbar Corella sometimes appears white overall.\u00a0 The clearest difference between them is bill color: black on White Cockatoo and ivory or horn-colored on Tanimbar Corella.\u00a0 Also, Tanimbar Corella generally has detectable dull-pink coloration around the base of the bill, especially on the lores.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Solomons Corella<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 White Cockatoo and Solomons Corella are both essentially all-white cockatoos.\u00a0 They do not occur together naturally, but as popular cagebirds both could occur nearly anywhere.\u00a0 White Cockatoo is somewhat larger, with a longer crest (but short on some immatures) and white orbital skin\u2014whereas Solomons\u2019 is grayish or bluish.\u00a0 The most consistent diagnostic difference is bill color: black on White Cockatoo and ivory or horn-colored on Solomons Corella.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Additional Photos of White Cockatoo
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White Cockatoo, appearing yellow overall in this lighting.\u00a0 (Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico; February 3, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sadhu Govardhan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo with its crest raised.\u00a0 (Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, Hawaii; May 17, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Walter Oshiro<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo.\u00a0 (Valle del Sol, Bayam\u00f3n, Puerto Rico; May 30, 2021.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Frances M. Santiago Tomei<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo.\u00a0 (Weda, Halmahera, Indonesia; September 3, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sam Woods \/ Tropical Birding Tours<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, pair.\u00a0 (Namonamo, Aketajawe Lolobata National Park, Halmahera, Indonesia; March 3, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Hanom Bashari<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, showing yellowish tint in undertail.\u00a0 (Maluku Utara, Indonesia.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Scott Baker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo with its crest raised.\u00a0 (Maluku Utara, Indonesia.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Josep del Hoyo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo.\u00a0 (Julio Enrique Monaga National Park, Bayam\u00f3n, Puerto Rico; March 20, 2021.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Amarilys Lebron<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo, showing yellowish tint in undertail.\u00a0 (Manila Polo Club, Makati, Luzon, Philippines; April 10, 2020.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ramon Quisumbing<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo showing yellow tint on underwing.\u00a0 (Manila Polo Club, Makati, Luzon, Philippines; April 10, 2020.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ramon Quisumbing<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo showing yellow tint on underwings and undertail.\u00a0 (Maluku Utara, Indonesia.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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White Cockatoo showing yellow tint on underwings and undertail.\u00a0 (Weda, Halmahera, Indonesia; September 29, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Simon van der Meulen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

BirdLife International. 2018. Cacatua alba<\/em>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018:<\/em> e.T22684789A131915204. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22684789A131915204.en<\/a>. (Accessed August 1, 2021.)<\/p>

Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>

eBird. 2021. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed August 1, 2021.)<\/p>

Forshaw, J.M. 2010. Parrots of the World<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>

Juniper, T., and M. Parr. 1998. Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World<\/em>. Yale University Press.<\/p>

Kirwan, G.M., A. Levesque, M. Oberle, and C.J. Sharpe. 2019. Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.<\/p>

Lin, R.S. and P.F. Lee. 2006. Status of Feral Populations of Exotic Cockatoos (Genus Cacatua) in Taiwan. Tawania<\/em> 51:188-194.<\/p>

Michigan State University. 2021. AVoCet: Avian Vocalizations Center. https:\/\/avocet.integrativebiology.natsci.msu.edu\/<\/a>. (Accessed August 1, 2021.)<\/p>

Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2 (January 1, 2017). http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Amarilys Lebron \u00a9 Frank Lambert Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 The White Cockatoo is severely persecuted for the illegal cagebird trade, and is becoming endangered as a result.\u00a0 Although it has declined rapidly, populations remain in several parts of Halmahera, including relatively accessible areas such as Kali Batu Putih in the west, Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park in the 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