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Band-rumped Storm-Petrel<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hydrobates castro<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Family: Hydrobatidae<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Breeds on tropical and subtropical islands in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; disperses to warm waters of both oceans.<\/strong><\/p>
Under its current (2022) classification, the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel consists of seven or more distinct forms that are potentially separate species: two that breed in the North Atlantic; two in the South Atlantic; and one each in the western, central, and eastern Pacific.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Approximate global distribution of the various forms of Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.\u00a0 \u00a9 BirdLife International 2018<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (ssp. nova): breeds in the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canaries, and Berlengas (beside Portugal) from August to April.<\/p>
\u201cMadeiran Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (castro<\/em>): breeds on Madeira, the Selvagens, and Canaries from late March to October.<\/p>
\u201cGulf of Guinea Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (ssp. nova): breeds in mountain forests of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, apparently year-round.<\/p>
\u201cSt. Helena Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (helena<\/em>): breeds on islets around Ascension and St. Helena in seasonally segregated populations\u2014from April to September and from October to March.<\/p>
\u201cJapanese Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (kumagai<\/em>): breeds on islets along the northeastern coast of Honshu from May to November.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cHawaiian Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c. cryptoleucurus<\/em>, near known breeding colony along the Na Pali Coast of Kauai.\u00a0 (August 23, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Andre Raine<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cHawaiian Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (cryptoleucurus<\/em>): breeds on the main Hawaiian Islands (known mainly from Kauai and the Big Island) from April to November.<\/p>
\u201cDarwin\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (bangsi<\/em>): breeds in the Gal\u00e1pagos in seasonally segregated populations\u2014from May to October and from December to May.<\/p>
Nonbreeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Although incompletely known, the available evidence indicates that a large portion of the \u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d population\u2014perhaps the majority\u2014migrates west during April and May to spend the summer months in the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf Stream waters east of North America, where they molt and recover their strength, then depart around August.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The other three Atlantic forms are not known to migrate.\u00a0 Based on the molt-stage of some individuals and side-by-side comparisons with the predominant \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, some of the band-rumped-type storm-petrels that occur each year in the Gulf Stream have been speculatively identified as \u201cMadeiran\u201d, but most such identifications are questionable\u2014due to the difficulty of ruling out juvenile and first-year \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, as well as Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel<\/strong><\/a>, which breeds around the same time as \u201cMadeiran\u201d (but on different islands) and has similar molt timing.\u00a0\u00a0Birds from \u201cSt. Helena\u201d populations apparently disperse widely in the tropical mid-South Atlantic.\u00a0 Band-rumped-type storm-petrels presumed to belong to these populations have been observed between approximately 21\u00b0 South and the Equator.\u00a0 The \u201cGulf of Guinea\u201d form may be entirely sedentary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cJapanese Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c. kumagai<\/em>, seems to be the most likely identification (although \u201cHawaiian\u201d, cryptoleurus<\/em>, is also somewhat likely) of band-rumped-type storm-petrels found in the Coral Sea during March and April\u2014such as this one, Australia\u2019s first documented record of Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.\u00a0 (Offshore from Southport, Queensland, Australia; April 8-9, 2016.)\u00a0 Birdline Australia<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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All three Pacific forms appear to migrate or disperse over long distances.\u00a0 The \u201cJapanese\u201d and \u201cHawaiian\u201d populations apparently vacate the breeding grounds from November to April.\u00a0 Recent records of band-rumped-type storm-petrels in the Tasman and Coral Seas during March and April likely to pertain to one or both of these forms\u2014as both are generally absent from their known ranges at that time of year, and are therefore seem likely to migrate a substantial distance away from their breeding grounds.\u00a0 Finally, nonbreeding \u201cDarwin\u2019s\u201d apparently disperses widely in the eastern Pacific, as it has been found regularly north to Costa Rican and Panamanian waters, south to the latitudes of southern Peru and west across the Pacific past the longitude of Easter Island.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
A medium-large storm-petrel that is dark-brown overall, with an even white band across the rump that usually extends partway down the sides of the rump to the undertail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The distinct forms, or cryptic species, are visually indistinguishable under most circumstances from one another and from other \u201cband-rumped-type\u201d storm-petrels recently recognized as separate species: i.e., Monteiro\u2019s<\/strong><\/a> and Cape Verde<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 (See Notes<\/u><\/strong> below for a comparison of Atlantic band-rumped-type storm-petrels, including Monteiro\u2019s and Cape Verde.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Band-rumped-types strongly resemble storm-petrels of other groups (such as Elliot\u2019s,\u00a0 Wilson\u2019s<\/strong><\/a> and Leach\u2019s<\/strong><\/a>), and are best distinguished by their characteristic flight pattern: which is comparatively steady and stable, often gliding on flat wings like a shearwater.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova\u2014likely this form, in fresh plumage to begin the breeding season.\u00a0 (Banco de la Concepci\u00f3n, Canary Islands, Spain; September 2, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Miguel Rouco<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cDarwin\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c. bangsi<\/em>, showing typical pattern and gliding flight posture.\u00a0 (Offshore south of Isla San Crist\u00f3bal, Gal\u00e1pagos, Ecuador; November 25, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 David M. Bell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The white rump-band varies somewhat in width and the extent to which it continues down the sides of the rump to the undertail coverts.\u00a0 These aspects vary within each form, and therefore have limited value in field identification of the forms\u2014although some forms apparently tend to have narrower rump-bands (\u201cGulf of Guinea\u201d) or more extensive white on the undertail (\u201cSt. Helena\u201d).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova\u2014likely this form, in fresh plumage to begin the breeding season\u2014note the exceedingly narrow white rump-band, a feature that seems to be subject to individual variation, not diagnostic of any North Atlantic form in the Band-rumped complex.\u00a0 (Banco de la Concepci\u00f3n, Canary Islands, Spain; August 17, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Miguel Rouco<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSt. Helena Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c. helena<\/em>, ventral view showing white extending far down the sides of the undertail.\u00a0 (Offshore from St. Helena; April 18, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 John & Jemi Holmes<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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As a general rule, the tails of all forms have a shallow notch, but this feature varies within each form, and its appearance varies widely depending on posture and angle of view.\u00a0 In some cases, the same tail may appear notched, square-tipped, or even wedge-shaped.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cMadeiran Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c.<\/em> castro<\/em>, with tail appearing notched in this posture.\u00a0 (Offshore from Bugio, Madeira; June 8, 2011.) \u00a0\u00a9 Simon Colenutt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cMadeiran Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c.<\/em> castro<\/em>, with tail appearing wedge-shaped in this posture.\u00a0 (Offshore from Bugio, Madeira; June 8, 2011.) \u00a0\u00a9 Simon Colenutt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Juveniles and freshly molted adults have the most pronounced wingbars.\u00a0 On juveniles the bar appears white.\u00a0 On adults returning to the breeding grounds, the bar is blond.\u00a0 With feather-wear, the bar diminishes and can disappear entirely by the time the next molt begins.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova, in worn plumage, molting its flight feathers, a condition that is effectively diagnostic of a post-breeding adult \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d at this season.\u00a0 (Offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; June 1, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Todd<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cHawaiian Storm-Petrel\u201d, H. c. cryptoleucurus<\/em>, with heavily worn wing-coverts showing weak diagonal bars.\u00a0 (Offshore from Kailua-Kona, Big Island, Hawaii; July 23, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Annie B. Douglas \/ Cascadia Research Collective<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Voice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Two types of calls are heard at breeding colonies: chattering and purring.\u00a0 The sounds are broadly similar from one population to another, but differences in patterns have been instrumental to understanding the relationships among similar-looking forms.<\/p>
Among the North Atlantic forms, the calls of \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d and \u201cMadeiran\u201d are intermediate in length and complexity between the simpler Monteiro\u2019s and more elaborate Cape Verde. \u00a0Recordings are sparse or unavailable for most of the South Atlantic and Pacific populations, and would certainly illuminate the ongoing taxonomic review.<\/p>
\u201cMadeiran\u2019s\u201d chatter call is squeaky (like rapid rubbing of a fingertip on wet glass):<\/iframe><\/p><p>\u201cGrant\u2019s\u2019\u201d chatter call is similar, but has a consistent, distinguishing pattern, ending with two pairs of louder, sharper squeaks: <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/441955\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\u201cMadeiran\u2019s\u201d purring call consists of a rapid purr or trill lasting about one to four seconds punctuated at the end by a quick flourish of sharp squeaks (as in the chatter call), often repeated many times in a row, without pausing:<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/295060\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p><p>\u201cGrant\u2019s\u2019\u201d purring call consists of a purr that builds for about 1.5 seconds then ends with a flourish of squeaks, the last two louder and sharper (like the ending of the chatter call, but once instead of twice): <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/505278\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>(For detailed reviews of the North Atlantic forms\u2019 vocal differences, with more recordings and sonograms, see <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/grants-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><em>The Sound Approach: Grant\u2019s Storm-Petrel<\/em><\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/madeiran-band-rumped-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><em>The Sound Approach: Madeiran Storm-Petrel<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.)<\/p><p>The sparse recordings available for other populations suggest that they are vocally distinct from the North Atlantic forms.<\/p><p>In the equatorial South Atlantic, \u201cGulf of Guinea\u2019s\u201d chatter call is longer and more complex than the calls of other forms\u2014except Cape Verde, which it resembles (implying that they may be closely related):<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/473564\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p><p>In the Pacific, \u201cHawaiian\u2019s\u201d chatter call is relatively short and simple, a stuttered or double-note followed by four to six distinct notes, and its purring call is a soft rattle or purr followed by two or three squeaky chatter notes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac73811 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac73811\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-627ac413\" data-id=\"627ac413\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60dd0c13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"60dd0c13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Polytypic species consisting of seven or more subspecies\u2014including at least two not formally described\u2014all of which are distinct forms and potentially separate species.\u00a0 Eventually, it seems likely that the South Atlantic and Pacific forms will each be classified as one or more species separate from the North Atlantic forms.<\/p><p>All were formerly considered conspecific with <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/monteiros-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel<\/strong><\/a> (<em>monteiroi<\/em>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/cape-verde-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>Cape Verde Storm-Petrel<\/strong><\/a> (<em>jabejabe<\/em>), which are now regarded as separate species based on genetic evidence of deep historical divergences in their lineages, vocal differences, and other evidence that they function as separate species despite overlapping distributions.<\/p><p>Howell and Zufelt (2019) provisionally recognize eight species among the populations currently classified as Band-rumped: <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/grants-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (sp. nova), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/madeiran-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cMadeiran\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (<em>castro<\/em>), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/gulf-of-guinea-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cGulf of Guinea\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (a.k.a. \u201cS\u00e3o Tom\u00e9\u201d, sp. nova), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/st-helena-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cSt. Helena\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (<em>helena<\/em>), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/japanese-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cJapanese\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (<em>kamagai<\/em>), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/hawaiian-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cHawaiian\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (<em>cryptoleucura<\/em>), <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/darwins-storm-petrel\/\"><strong>\u201cDarwin\u2019s\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (<em>bangsi<\/em>), and \u201cSpear\u2019s\u201d (sp. nova).\u00a0 The latter two forms refer to seasonally distinct breeding populations of the Gal\u00e1pagos, which are not known to be distinguishable except based on their egg-laying calendars.<\/p><p>A study published in 2019 (Taylor et al.) concluded that all of the Pacific forms were closely related to one another, but also to one of the South Atlantic forms (<em>helena<\/em>).\u00a0 The close affiliation of the Pacific populations to one another is not surprising, but their apparent affiliation with one Atlantic population presents an unanticipated complication.\u00a0 Another paper published in 2019 (Flood et al.) found indications that the \u201cGulf of Guinea\u201d form might be more closely related to Cape Verde than to the other Band-rumped forms.<\/p><p>See below for a general comparison of the Atlantic members of the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel complex, and a specific comparison of \u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d with Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-25ddf92e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"25ddf92e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dc575de\" data-id=\"1dc575de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d3fbe8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d3fbe8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Cf. Other Atlantic Band-rumped-type storm-petrels.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 At least six cryptic species or forms in the Band-rumped Storm-Petrel complex have been recognized in the Atlantic.\u00a0 Four breed on North Atlantic archipelagos of Macaronesia and two on widely scattered islands of the South Atlantic.\u00a0 Apart from their breeding grounds, the ranges of these forms remain mostly unknown.\u00a0 Sightings are scarce and the forms are extremely difficult to distinguish from one another at sea.<\/p><p>The four North Atlantic forms overlap with one another to varying degrees and are known to differ vocally.\u00a0 In brief, all four have two similar call types\u2014chattering and purring\u2014which vary in length, pattern, and complexity.\u00a0 Differing calls have helped to confirm their respective breeding distributions, but they generally call only on the breeding grounds and only at night.<\/p><p>In most cases, under most conditions, the visual differences among the forms are too subtle and inconsistent for field identification.\u00a0 With that caveat, following is a summary of factors that might help in exceptional circumstances\u2014the forms are listed by the average latitudes of their breeding grounds, from north to south.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a151e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a151e5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45261aa\" data-id=\"45261aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-693daa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"693daa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/CapeVerdeStormPetrel1-768x571.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-112221\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/CapeVerdeStormPetrel1-768x571.png 768w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/CapeVerdeStormPetrel1-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/CapeVerdeStormPetrel1.png 868w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b48e933 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b48e933\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cape Verde Storm-Petrel\u2014identification presumed based on the location, far out at sea south of Cape Verde, though any of the Atlantic band-rumped forms could occur there at any time of year.\u00a0 (May 4, 2011.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/flickr.com\/photos\/37347725@N07\/5771802228\">\u00a9 Graham Ekins<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e29b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51e29b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MadeiranStormPetrel14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-116210\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MadeiranStormPetrel14.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/MadeiranStormPetrel14-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c7324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4c7324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cMadeiran Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c. castro<\/em> \u2014likely this subspecies, based on molt-stage, season, and location within its known breeding range\u2014but these factors are also consistent with Monteiro\u2019s, Cape Verde, and first-year \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, all plausible alternative identifications.\u00a0 (Offshore northeast of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain; November 1, 2014.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/188554101\">\u00a9 Miguel Rouco<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-576e3f8\" data-id=\"576e3f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17e2c14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"17e2c14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MonteirosStormPetrel5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-112068\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MonteirosStormPetrel5.jpg 600w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/MonteirosStormPetrel5-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90334b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90334b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u2014based on large samples of measured individuals at their Azorean breeding sites, Monteiro\u2019s tends to have a more deeply notched tail than \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, but their measurements overlap.\u00a0 (Offshore from Graciosa, A\u00e7ores, Portugal; May 2011.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/africanbirdclub.org\/afbid\/search\/birddetails\/birder\/2591\/20259\">\u00a9 Gareth Knass<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c124888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c124888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"431\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GulfofGuineaStormPetrel5.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-113048\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GulfofGuineaStormPetrel5.png 497w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GulfofGuineaStormPetrel5-300x260.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-400cca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"400cca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGulf of Guinea Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova, showing apparently thin rump-band and long-looking tail.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/bulletin-of-the-british-ornithologists-club\/volume-139\/issue-2\/bboc.v139i2.2019.a10\/What-is-known-about-the-enigmatic-Gulf-of-Guinea-band\/10.25226\/bboc.v139i2.2019.a10.full\">\u00a9 William H. Wagstaff<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40827b3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"40827b3c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bb1e1a0\" data-id=\"3bb1e1a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ae16121 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5ae16121\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/monteiros-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>Monteiro\u2019s<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> Storm-Petrel<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (<em>monteroi<\/em>):<\/u> Breeds in the Azores from March to October (eggs laid from early May to early July).\u00a0 Gives the shortest, simplest calls, with a rougher, scratchier quality than the others.\u00a0 Relatively small-bodied, long-tailed, and long-winged, and usually has a visibly notched tail.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/grants-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (ssp. nova):<\/u> Breeds from the Azores east to the Berlengas and south to the Canaries from August to April (eggs laid from early October to early December).\u00a0 Calls end with signature punctuation.\u00a0 Relatively large and robust, and has a squarish or shallowly notched tail.\u00a0 Post-breeding adults show heavy feather-wear and\/or molting flight feathers most noticeably from April to June\u2014when Monteiro\u2019s and \u201cMadeiran\u201d are fresh-plumaged.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/madeiran-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>\u201cMadeiran Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (<em>castro<\/em>):<\/u> Breeds in Madeira, the Selvagens, and the Canaries from April to October (eggs laid in June and July).\u00a0 Calls are squeaky, rapid, about intermediate in length between Monteiro\u2019s and Cape Verde, and lack the particular ending of \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d.\u00a0 Relatively small and slim overall; tail can appear either square-tipped or notched.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/cape-verde-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>Cape Verde Storm-Petrel<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (<em>jabejabe<\/em>):<\/u> Breeds in Cape Verde over an extended season, possibly year-round with two peaks\u2014one from October into winter, the other from April into summer.\u00a0 Gives the longest, most complex calls, and genetic analyses indicate that it is the oldest divergent lineage in the band-rumped complex.\u00a0 Proportions are average, and has a squarish or shallowly notched tail.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/gulf-of-guinea-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>\u201c<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>Gulf of Guinea <\/u><\/strong><strong><u>Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (ssp. nova):<\/u> Breeds on S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 over an extended season, possibly year-round.\u00a0 Calls are relatively long and complex, suggesting an affinity with Cape Verde.\u00a0 Appears slightly larger than other forms, with a narrow white rump band and long-looking squarish or shallowly notched tail.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/st-helena-storm-petrel\/\"><strong><u>\u201cSt. Helena Storm-Petrel\u201d<\/u><\/strong><\/a><u> (<em>helena<\/em>):<\/u> Breeds on St. Helena and Ascension in two seasons\u2014possibly multiple distinct forms or cryptic species\u2014one from October to March, the other from April to September.\u00a0 Attends the nest diurnally.\u00a0 On some individuals the white rump band extends far down undertail coverts.\u00a0 Slightly larger than most other forms; usually shows a visibly notched tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c9b7b49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c9b7b49\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-454299ad\" data-id=\"454299ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a5aa9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a5aa9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/monteiros-storm-petrel\/\">Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Among the many populations of storm-petrels that were formerly classified together as Band-rumped, the first discovery of a \u201ccryptic species\u201d distinction was between the two populations that breed in the Azores: one in the hot season (Monteiro\u2019s, which lays its eggs between early May and early July), the other in the cool season (\u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, which lays between early October and early December).\u00a0 Monteiro\u2019s is not known to occur anywhere besides the Azores and surrounding seas, whereas \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d also breeds on other island groups east to the Berlengas and south to the Canaries, and migrates to the western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico.<\/p><p>Within the Azores, around their shared breeding grounds, Monteiro\u2019s and \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d overlap en masse twice.\u00a0 First in spring, during March and April, both are present in the area: Monteiro\u2019s arrives while \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d departs.\u00a0 Second in late summer, from mid-August into early October, both occur at the colonies, with \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d replacing Monteiro\u2019s.\u00a0 At this time they have been observed in the same burrows\u2014with \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d prospecting sites still occupied by fledgling Monteiro\u2019s.<\/p><p>Due to the close relationship between them and the intensive research that led to their recognition as separate species, they have been compared more closely than other Band-rumped forms.\u00a0 See the biometric data compiled in Table 1, below, from Bolton et al. 2008\u2014the paper that effectively proved their identities as separate species.\u00a0 Despite these robust comparisons, Monteiro\u2019s and \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d can still be indistinguishable, even under optimal conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69a9e29a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69a9e29a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40985de4\" data-id=\"40985de4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229f80ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"229f80ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Summarizing the differences: Monteiro\u2019s averages slightly smaller in the body (e.g., weight and bill size), but slightly longer in the tail and wings.\u00a0 Tail fork depth is the most consistent visible differentiator, as Monteiro\u2019s averages more than twice as deep: 7.81 mm for Monteiro\u2019s versus 3.53 mm for \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d.\u00a0 Note that even these measurements overlap broadly (1 to 14 mm for Monteiro\u2019s versus 0 to 7 mm for \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d), while all other recorded metrics overlap far more than they differ.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2487b7d4\" data-id=\"2487b7d4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-218e1f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"218e1f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"241\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Monteiro-Grant-comparison-table.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-112061\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Monteiro-Grant-comparison-table.png 701w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Monteiro-Grant-comparison-table-300x103.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7864fa16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7864fa16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Table 1 from Bolton et al. 2008, comparing measurements of >100 \u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrels\u201d (the cool season population) and >200 Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrels (the hot season population).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f12ee1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f12ee1b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f817f2d\" data-id=\"2f817f2d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-760eb6dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"760eb6dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In spring and late summer in the Azores, Monteiro\u2019s and \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d differ in their predominant molt-stages, although the differences are difficult to specify and apply.\u00a0 At the end of their breeding season, the adults of one population should appear either worn or visibly molting.\u00a0 Conversely, at the beginning of their breeding season, most adults of the other population should be near the middle of their cycle\u2014not visibly worn, nor molting.\u00a0 These distinctions can be helpful in context, but several factors counsel against heavy reliance on molt-stage: i.e., the wide variability of feather-wear and replacement, along with the likely presence of some first-year birds and the possible presence of other Band-rumped forms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f2cf7c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f2cf7c0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-415031b2\" data-id=\"415031b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9b759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9b759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><u>Additional Photos of Band-rumped Storm-Petrel<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-64c58b2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"64c58b2e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f9e7def\" data-id=\"1f9e7def\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ad79eca elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ad79eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114741\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel5.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel5-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4891db6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4891db6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova.\u00a0 (Offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; June 8, 2018.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/104208991\">\u00a9 Brian Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-265f92d0\" data-id=\"265f92d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-248147f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"248147f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114739\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel3.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel3-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40e4a9af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40e4a9af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova.\u00a0 (Offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; June 7, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/104101851\">\u00a9 Brian Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4735140d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4735140d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-296b4792\" data-id=\"296b4792\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-446778dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"446778dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114744\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel8.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel8-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12faa5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12faa5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova.\u00a0 (Banco de la Concepci\u00f3n, Canary Islands, Spain; September 2, 2017.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/182050311\">\u00a9 Miguel Rouco<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76c62a9e\" data-id=\"76c62a9e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-372e2808 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"372e2808\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/HawaiianStormPetrel37-768x488.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-112691\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/HawaiianStormPetrel37-768x488.jpg 768w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/HawaiianStormPetrel37-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/HawaiianStormPetrel37.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ae496b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ae496b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cHawaiian Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c. cryptoleucurus<\/em>, showing typical flat-winged flight posture.\u00a0 (Offshore from Kailua-Kona, Big Island, Hawaii; September 2018.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/observations\/17460168\">\u00a9 J. Bailey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2df364fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2df364fb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b556596\" data-id=\"1b556596\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f6dfaf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5f6dfaf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114749\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel13.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel13-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f71c562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f71c562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova.\u00a0 (Ba\u00eda de Porto Pim, Faial, Azores; December 2, 2021.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/393487931\">\u00a9 Andre Vieira<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aab72f9\" data-id=\"aab72f9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659c8f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"659c8f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114748\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel12.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel12-300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-349e486b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"349e486b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova.\u00a0 (Isla Monta\u00f1a Clara, Canary Islands; December 19, 2014.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/369163081\">\u00a9 Stephen Menzie<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5bf5fcd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5bf5fcd7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a0e6761\" data-id=\"2a0e6761\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8db1bfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8db1bfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114751\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel15.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel15-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53072638 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53072638\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova, showing a relatively narrow white rump-band.\u00a0 (Isla Monta\u00f1a Clara, Canary Islands; December 19, 2014.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/369163071\">\u00a9 Stephen Menzie<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f4834c8\" data-id=\"7f4834c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c39b5d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c39b5d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-114750\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel14.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GrantsStormPetrel14-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2c2308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e2c2308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cGrant\u2019s Storm-Petrel\u201d, <em>H. c.<\/em> ssp. nova, showing a relatively broad white rump-band.\u00a0 (Farol do Arnel, S\u00e3o Miguel, Azores; November 4, 2018.) \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/122294771\">\u00a9 Alba Villarroya<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19af643d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19af643d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56f6dd22\" data-id=\"56f6dd22\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5942a71b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5942a71b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Alderfer, J., and J.L. Dunn. 2014. <em>National Geographic Complete Birds of North America (Second Edition)<\/em>. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.<\/p><p>BirdLife International. 2018. <em>Hydrobates castro<\/em>. <em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018:<\/em> e.T132341128A132433305. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132341128A132433305.en\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132341128A132433305.en<\/a>. (Accessed December 29, 2021.)<\/p><p>Bolton, M., A.L. Smith, A. L., E. G\u00f3mez-D\u00edaz, V.L. Friesen, R. Medeiros, J. Bried, J.L. Roscales, and R.W. Furness. 2008. Monteiro\u2019s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monteiroi: a new species from the Azores. <em>Ibis<\/em> 150:717-727.<\/p><p>eBird. 2022. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebird.org\">http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed January 10, 2022.)<\/p><p>Flood, R.L., R.F. de Lima, M. Melo, P. Verbelen, and W.H. Wagstaff. 2019. What is known about the enigmatic Gulf of Guinea band-rumped storm petrels <em>Hydrobates<\/em> cf. <em>castro<\/em>? <em>Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club<\/em> 139:173-186.<\/p><p>Galase, N.K. 2019. First confirmed Band-rumped Storm Petrel <em>Oceanodroma castro<\/em> colony in the Hawaiian Islands. <em>Marine Ornithology<\/em> 47:25-28.<\/p><p>Garcia-del-Rey, E. 2011. <em>Field Guide to the Birds of Macaronesia: Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde<\/em>. Lynx Editions, Barcelona.<\/p><p>Garcia-del-Rey, E. 2018. <em>Birds of the Canary Islands<\/em>. Christopher Helm, London.<\/p><p>Harrison, P. 1983. <em>Seabirds: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p><p>Howell, S.N.G. 2012. <em>Petrels, Albatrosses & Storm-Petrels of North America<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Howell, S.N.G., and K. Zufelt. 2019. <em>Oceanic Birds of the World.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Kirwan, G.M., A. Levesque, M. Oberle, and C.J. Sharpe. 2019. <em>Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.<\/p><p>Onley, D., and P. Scofield. 2007. <em>Albatrosses, Petrels & Shearwaters of the World<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. <em>A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. <em>The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2 (January 1, 2017). <a href=\"http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/\">http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p><p>Pyle, P., D.L. Webster, and R.W. Baird. 2016. White-rumped Dark Storm-petrels in Hawaiian Island Waters: The quandary of Leach\u2019s vs. Band-rumped storm-petrels throughout the world. <em>Birding<\/em> 48:58-73.<\/p><p>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. <em>A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Seabirding of Japan. 2021. Japanese Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. <a href=\"http:\/\/seabirding-japan.com\/japanese-band-rumped-storm-petrel\/\">http:\/\/seabirding-japan.com\/japanese-band-rumped-storm-petrel\/<\/a>. (Accessed December 17, 2021.)<\/p><p>Sibley, D.A. 2014. <em>The Sibley Guide to Birds (Second Edition)<\/em>. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.<\/p><p>Svensson, L., K. Mullarney, and D. Zetterstr\u00f6m. 2009. <em>Birds of Europe (Second Edition).<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p><p>Taylor, R.S., M. Bolton, A. Beard, T. Birt, P. Deane-Coe, A.F. Raine, J. Gonz\u00e1lez-Sol\u00eds, S.C. Lougheed, and V.L. Friesen. 2019. Cryptic species and independent origins of allochronic populations within a seabird species complex (Hydrobates spp.). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/em> 139:106552.<\/p><p>The Sound Approach. 2019. Cape Verde Storm-Petrel, <em>Oceanodroma jabejabe<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/cape-verde-storm-petrel\/\">https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/cape-verde-storm-petrel\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Sound Approach. 2019. Grant\u2019s Storm-Petrel, <em>Oceanodroma [castro]<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/grants-storm-petrel\/\">https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/grants-storm-petrel\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Sound Approach. 2019. Madeiran Storm-Petrel, <em>Oceanodroma castro<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/madeiran-band-rumped-storm-petrel\/\">https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/madeiran-band-rumped-storm-petrel\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>The Sound Approach. 2019. Monteiro\u2019s Storm-Petrel, <em>Oceanodroma monteiroi<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/monteiros-storm-petrel\/\">https:\/\/soundapproach.co.uk\/species\/monteiros-storm-petrel\/<\/a>:<\/p><p>Xeno-Canto. 2021. Band-rumped Storm Petrel \u2013 <em>Oceanodroma castro<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/species\/Oceanodroma-castro\">https:\/\/xeno-canto.org\/species\/Oceanodroma-castro<\/a>. (Accessed January 10, 2022.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 David M. Bell \u00a9 Annie B. Douglas \/ Cascadia Research Collective \u00a9 James Bradley Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 A widespread species, or species group, that is locally common in a few areas, but generally scarce across most of its wide distribution in warm waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.\u00a0 The winter-breeding North Atlantic form, \u201cGrant\u2019s\u201d, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-116481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116481","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=116481"}],"version-history":[{"count":285,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":117317,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/116481\/revisions\/117317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=116481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=116481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=116481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}