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{"id":131048,"date":"2022-11-07T11:39:10","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T15:39:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/?p=131048"},"modified":"2022-11-22T08:20:15","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T12:20:15","slug":"sandhill-crane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/sandhill-crane\/","title":{"rendered":"Sandhill Crane"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Frederick Atwood<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\nhttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/XC721725-Sandhill-Crane-Antigone-canadensis.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9 Jim Berry<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Widespread and locally or seasonally common in several regions of North America, especially the Great Plains, western Great Lakes, Great Basin, and central Florida.\u00a0 The bulk of the global population gathers annually in late March along the Platte River in south-central Nebraska between Sutherland and Grand Island.\u00a0 In winter large concentrations can be found at several wildlife refuges in the southwestern U.S., such as Bosque del Apache in New Mexico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Antigone canadensis<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Gruidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeds in North America and northeastern Siberia; winters in the U.S. and northern Mexico.<\/strong>\u00a0 Comprises five or six subspecies:<\/p>

\u201cLesser Sandhill Crane\u201d<\/strong> (canadensis<\/em>): breeds in arctic and subarctic habitats from northeastern Siberia to Baffin Island; winters in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.<\/p>

\u201cGreater Sandhill Crane\u201d<\/strong> (tabida<\/em>): breeds at temperate latitudes from British Columbia south to the Great Basin and east to Quebec; winters mainly in the southwestern U.S. and Florida.<\/p>

\u201cMississippi Sandhill Crane\u201d<\/strong> (pulla<\/em>): resident in coastal Mississippi.<\/p>

\u201cFlorida Sandhill Crane\u201d<\/strong> (pratensis<\/em>): resident in peninsular Florida.<\/p>

\u201cCuban Sandhill Crane\u201d<\/strong> (nesiotes<\/em>): resident on Cuba and the Isle of Youth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Approximate distribution of the Sandhill Crane.\u00a0 \u00a9 Xeno-Canto 2022<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding.<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0The \u201cLesser Sandhill Crane\u201d nests in tundra and muskeg marshlands at high latitudes over a wide expanse of northern Canada, Alaska, and northeastern Siberia.\u00a0 In Siberia, on the northern coastal plain from the Chukotka Peninsula west to the Indigirka Delta and along the Bering Sea coast south to Dezhnova Bay.\u00a0 In Alaska, locally throughout the mainland.\u00a0 In Canada, widespread from the Yukon east to the western shores of Hudson and James Bays, south to the northern portions of British Columbia and the Prairie Provinces, and north in the Arctic Archipelago on Banks, Victoria, Prince of Wales, Somerset, Bylot, Baffin, Southampton, and Coats Islands.\u00a0 Apparently expanding eastward locally into northern Quebec and possibly Labrador as well.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201dGreater Sandhill Crane\u201d nests in freshwater marshes of southern Canada and the western and north-central U.S.\u00a0 In Canada, from central British Columbia east across the prairies and southern Ontario into adjacent parts of southern Quebec.\u00a0 In the U.S., there are two major subpopulations: one throughout the Great Basin and intermontane valleys of Montana and Wyoming; and the other in the eastern prairies and Great Lakes south to northern Illinois, northern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio.\u00a0 Apparently expanding eastward locally into Pennsylvania, New York, New England, and the St. Lawrence Valley.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding Bird Survey Abundance Map: Sandhill Crane.\u00a0 U.S. Geological Survey 2015<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Resident Populations.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The \u201cMississippi Sandhill Crane\u201d (pulla<\/em>) is a critically endangered resident of the coastal pine savanna habitat protected by the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge, which is its stronghold.\u00a0 The refuge was established in 1975, when the remnant population numbered 30 to 35.\u00a0 As of the early 2020s, the population was estimated at ~130.<\/p>

The \u201cFlorida Sandhill Crane\u201d (pratensis<\/em>) is resident in peninsular Florida, mainly south of Jacksonville, with a few in the Okefenokee Swamp of southern Georgia.\u00a0 The population has been estimated at 4,000 to 5,000, the vast majority of which reside in the Kissimmee and Desoto Prairies of central Florida.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201cCuban Sandhill Crane\u201d (nesiotes<\/em>) is an endangered and declining resident of savannas of western and central Cuba and the Isle of Youth.\u00a0 In surveys conducted from 1994 to 2002, the total population size was estimated between 500 and 600.\u00a0 The largest remaining subpopulations were in three areas: (1) ~170 on the Isle of Youth; (2) ~130 in the Zapata Swamp region; and (3) ~240 in several groups on the north-central plains of Sancti Spiritus, Ciego de \u00c1vila, and Camag\u00fcey.<\/p>

Nonbreeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Most \u201cLesser\u201d and western \u201cGreater Sandhill Cranes\u201d winter in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.\u00a0 The main wintering areas are large open wetland complexes from the Central Valley of California east to the coastal plain of Texas and southwestern Louisiana, north to southern Oregon, northern Utah, southwestern Colorado, and central Nebraska, and south in Mexico to Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas.\u00a0 Small scattered flocks occasionally winter in the Pacific states of Mexico south to Colima, and south of normal wintering range in central and eastern Mexico.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Cranes, dancing in springtime courtship ritual.\u00a0 (Echo, Oregon; March 2, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mark Ludwick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Eastern \u201cGreaters\u201d winter mainly in Florida and southern Georgia.\u00a0 Small numbers of \u201cGreaters\u201d winter locally north to southwestern British Columbia, Montana, Minnesota, southern Ontario, Maine, and Nova Scotia.\u00a0 Stragglers occasionally winter farther north into Canada.<\/p>

Movements.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Most \u201cLesser\u201d and western \u201cGreater Sandhill Cranes\u201d leave their wintering grounds in late February or early March.\u00a0 The vast majority\u2014about 80% of the world population\u2014migrate over the western Great Plains, congregating in late March in central Nebraska along the Platte River.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The southbound migration is much more protracted and dispersed, with departures from high arctic breeding grounds beginning in mid-August and last arrivals on wintering grounds in December.<\/p>

Regular as a vagrant to East Asia in fall, winter, and spring, with records from eastern China, South Korea, Japan (mainly Kyushu), and Taiwan.\u00a0 Many records are of multiple individuals, some returning to the same sites year after year.<\/p>

More sporadic as a vagrant to Europe, with several spring and summer records from Norway, Sweden, and Finland, and fall and winter records from England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Hungary.<\/p>

Casual on Bermuda, where it has been found about once per decade.\u00a0 Accidental on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and the northern Bahamas (Andros and Abaco).<\/p>

Recorded once in Hawaii: an immature captured in a field near Kahuku, Oahu, October 23, 1933.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Unique in its range: a gray crane with a red forecrown and white or whitish cheeks and throat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane.\u00a0 (Town Center Park, Gilberts, Illinois; October 15, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Patrick Ricketson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane, facial close-up showing bare red forecrown.\u00a0 (Elgin, Illinois; August 8, 2021.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mike Losacco<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The red forecrown is bare or nearly bare skin.\u00a0 The legs and bill are dark, usually blackish.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane, showing extensive staining caused by preening with reddish soil.\u00a0 (Calgary, Alberta; July 13, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Calvin S.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The plumage is almost entirely gray, but often extensively stained rusty or brown as a result of preening with soil\u2014apparently used as camouflage during the nesting season.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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In flight, the wings and tail show contrasting blackish tips and trailing edges.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane in flight, showing blackish wingtips and trailing edges.\u00a0 (Guthrie, Kentucky; January 2, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Iris Kilpatrick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane, juvenile showing short, orangish bill and almost entirely reddish plumage.\u00a0 (Norfolk, Connecticut; September 4, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Debbie Lombardo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane, immature showing mostly gray plumage with remnant rusty tinge on wings and crown.\u00a0 (Warren, Maine; October 30, 2021.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Robin Ohrt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Juveniles have rusty-orangish plumage on the head, neck and upperparts, with gray underparts.\u00a0 The juvenile\u2019s bill is orangish and noticeably shorter than the adult\u2019s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sandhill Crane, immature in the process of losing the feathering on its forecrown.\u00a0 (Kensington Metropark, Livingston County, Michigan; December 11, 2021.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jocelyn Anderson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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On older immatures, the rusty feathers are replaced by gray ones, as the facial feathers fall out to leave the bare red forecrown.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Typical calls are mellow, rattling trills, sometimes relatively dry and harsh, sometimes more resonant and musical: