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{"id":132180,"date":"2022-12-22T08:44:55","date_gmt":"2022-12-22T12:44:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/?p=132180"},"modified":"2023-11-27T15:41:11","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T19:41:11","slug":"limpkin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/limpkin\/","title":{"rendered":"Limpkin"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Barbara Strobino<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\nhttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/XC712983-Limpkin-Aramus-guarauna.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d.\u00a0 \u00a9 Bruce Lagerquist<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d. \u00a0\u00a9 John V. Moore<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Both forms of Limpkin<\/strong> are common, widespread, and increasing in various types of wetlands\u2014largely but not entirely tied to the presence of Pomacea<\/em> snails. \u00a0The \u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> is common in Florida, Cuba, Puerto Rico, eastern Mexico, and Central America; uncommon and local in western Mexico, the northern Bahamas, Jamaica, and Hispaniola; and apparently colonizing the coastal plain of southeastern Texas and southern Louisiana. \u00a0The \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> is common across most of South America\u2019s tropical and subtropical lowlands, as well as Trinidad and west to central Panama.\u00a0 The two forms\u2019 ranges appear likely to overlap in western Panama, which in turn seems likely to clarify their status as separate species or superficially distinct forms of one species.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Limpkin<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Aramus guarauna<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Aramidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Humid lowlands from the southeastern U.S. to Argentina.<\/strong><\/p>

Comprises two distinct forms:<\/p>

\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (pictus<\/em> plus elucus<\/em> and dolosus<\/em>), of the southeastern U.S., the Greater Antilles, Mexico, and Central America south to western Panama; and<\/p>

\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (guarauna<\/em>), of South America, Trinidad, and central and eastern Panama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Approximate distribution of the Limpkin, both \u201cSpeckled\u201d and \u201cBrown-backed\u201d forms.\u00a0 \u00a9 BirdLife International 2016<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d is resident in the southeastern U.S. from southeastern Texas to Florida, the northern and central Bahamas, Cuba, the Isle of Youth, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the mainland of Middle America.\u00a0 On the Pacific slope it occurs from Nayarit to Chiriqu\u00ed; on the Caribbean slope from northern Veracruz to Bocas del Toro; and locally or sporadically in interior valleys from Jalisco to Costa Rica.<\/p>

Since the early 2000s, its range has expanded dramatically to the north and west, as its U.S. range was traditionally limited to Florida and southernmost Georgia, and its range along Mexico\u2019s Pacific coast traditionally ended around the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.\u00a0 At the same time, it has less dramatically extended its range southward in the Pacific lowlands to southern Costa Rica and into Panama (where it seems likely to overlap with the \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d at some point in the 2020s).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In conjunction with its range expansion, dispersing wanderers have been found increasingly often and farther north and west\u2014a trend that seems likely to continue.\u00a0 As of 2022, it has been recorded northwest to northern Sinaloa and nearly throughout the eastern U.S.: on the Great Plains north to Nebraska; in the Great Lakes north to Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and western New York; and on the Atlantic Seaboard north to Maryland.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Brazilian records of the \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d, by municipality.\u00a0 \u00a9 WikiAves 2022<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d is resident in lowlands from central Panama (Herrera) south along the Pacific slope to southwestern Ecuador (El Oro), and east through the Caribbean lowlands\u2014including the intermontane valleys of Colombia\u2014and generally throughout northern and eastern South America, south to central Argentina: to Mendoza, northern La Pampa, and southern Buenos Aires Province.\u00a0 Also resident on Trinidad.<\/p>

Like its northern counterpart, the \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d has been expanding its range into many areas where it was formerly unreported, and wanderers have been found increasingly often and farther from its traditional range.\u00a0 It has been expanding westward in the Pacific lowlands of Panama (where it seems likely to overlap with the \u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d at some point in the 2020s), southward along the Pacific coast (recorded in Piura, Peru), and in many parts of the South American interior where it was traditionally unrecorded.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vagrants have been recorded on Aruba, in the Andean highlands of southern Peru and northern Bolivia, in central Chile, and south to Argentine Patagonia (to Santa Cruz).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Distinctive: a medium-large, long-necked, long-legged, brown, ibis-like wetland bird with a habitually hunched posture.\u00a0 The two forms are similar, but readily distinguished from one another by the extent of streaking on the head, neck, body, and wings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d, A. g. pictus<\/em>, showing exceptionally dense white streaking.\u00a0 (Winding Waters Natural Area, West Palm Beach, Florida; November 2, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Charles Lyon<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The bill is long, fairly thick, and slightly decurved, usually orangish or yellowish toward the base and blackish toward the tip.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> of North and Middle America is heavily streaked throughout the head and neck.\u00a0 The body plumage is brown overall and heavily streaked with bold white arrowheads on the breast, back, and wings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d, A. g. guarauna<\/em>, showing minimal white streaking on generally brown plumage.\u00a0 (Tramanda\u00ed, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; June 25, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Paulo Fenalti<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The \u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d<\/strong><\/a> of South America, Trinidad, and Panama is brown overall, but heavily streaked with white on the head and neck\u2014although the crown and underside of the neck are solid brown.\u00a0 The body plumage is almost entirely brown, except that the white neck streaks often extend onto the mantle.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d, A. g. dolosus<\/em>, showing only sparse white streaking on the upperparts.\u00a0 (Laguna Cob\u00e1, Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico; December 9, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Charles Hundertmark<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d, A. g. guarauna<\/em>, showing maximum extent of streaking on the mantle.\u00a0 (Londrina, Paran\u00e1, Brazil; May 7, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Luiz Bravo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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When seen in flight, \u201cSpeckled\u2019s\u201d wings are mostly brown with white streaking on the coverts\u2014both uppersides and undersides.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d, A. g. pictus<\/em>, dorsal view showing white streaks on the upperwing coverts.\u00a0 (Heritage Park, Olathe, Kansas; November 15, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 George Chiu<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d, A. g. guarauna<\/em>, dorsal view in flight, showing all-brown upperparts.\u00a0 (Mostardas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; November 28, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Marco Cruz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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When seen in flight, \u201cBrown-backed\u2019s\u201d wings are mostly brown, with limited white streaking on the underwing-linings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d, A. g. pictus<\/em>, dorsal view showing white streaks on the underwing coverts.\u00a0 (Heritage Park, Olathe, Kansas; November 15, 2022.)\u00a0 \u00a9 George Chiu<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBrown-backed Limpkin\u201d, A. g. guarauna<\/em>, ventral view in flight, showing sparse white streaks on the wing linings.\u00a0 (Serra, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil; August 24, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Marcelo M\u00fcller<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The voices of the two forms are similar, and the significance of any differences between them apparently remains unstudied.\u00a0 The typical call of both forms is a loud, ringing \u201ccarr-rr-rao<\/em>\u201d which is the source of its Portuguese name, Car\u00e3o<\/em>.\n\nThe \u201cSpeckled Limpkin\u201d tends to give a \u201ccleaner,\u201d more percussive version of that characteristic call: