{"id":13459,"date":"2019-03-16T09:51:14","date_gmt":"2019-03-16T13:51:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=13459"},"modified":"2022-01-24T04:10:24","modified_gmt":"2022-01-24T08:10:24","slug":"family-parulidae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/family-parulidae\/","title":{"rendered":"Parulidae: Wood Warblers"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Parulidae<\/strong><\/span>:<\/span> Wood Warblers<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cape May Warbler. \u00a9 Timothy Jones<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The wood warblers are a New World family of songbirds best known for adding splashes of color to the lives of birdwatchers in eastern North America each spring.\u00a0 They are small, active insect-gleaners that specialize their foraging habits on certain niches in the forest or, in a few cases, open woodland, brush, swamps, and marshes.\u00a0 This specialization allows for many species to thrive in the same area without direct competition and as a result they are among the most diverse bird families in North America.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Prothonotary Warbler.\u00a0 \u00a9 Tony Moline<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Approximately half of wood warbler species breed in the temperate zone of North America, and about half of these in southeastern Canada and the northeastern U.S.\u00a0 Most of these species winter in the tropics, and comprise the emblematic group of Neotropical migrant songbirds, diverse in their appearances and susceptible to the impacts of habitat destruction on their breeding and wintering grounds and at some strategic stopover points.\u00a0 Some of these species\u2014most prominently the Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata<\/em>)\u2014fly nonstop for hundreds or thousands of miles over the open ocean, journeys that seem impossible for such small, delicate songbirds.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Black-throated Blue Warbler.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Cory Gregory<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Parulidae<\/em> have long been recognized as a discrete branch of the nine-primaried songbird assemblage, though for several years they were formally relegated to subfamily status.\u00a0 A small number of anomalous species have sometimes been included in this family, but in each of these cases the current consensus is to place those outliers in other large families or elevate the anomalous species to family status.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Wood warblers in breeding plumage are readily identifiable by sight in most cases, but many nonbreeding plumages, especially immature females, are nondescript and easily confused with one another.\u00a0 A few species groups, such as the yellowthroats, consist of many similar species that are best identified by range, and can be essentially indistinguishable when they occur together.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Taxonomy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

There are many unresolved issues in the internal taxonomy of wood warblers.\u00a0 Several of the traditionally recognized species include distinctive subspecies, and it is unclear how many of these are best regarded as separate species.\u00a0 In a few cases, traditionally recognized species regularly interbreed, producing identifiable hybrids.\u00a0 The total number of wood warbler species, as currently understood, is in the range of 118 to 153, plus one recently extinct.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ovenbird<\/strong> (Seiurus aurocapilla<\/em>)<\/p>

Worm-eating Warbler <\/strong>(Helmitheros vermivorum<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Louisiana Waterthrush<\/strong> (Parkesia motacilla<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Northern Waterthrush<\/strong> (Parkesia noveboracensis<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Bachman\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Vermivora bachmanii<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Blue-winged Warbler<\/strong> (Vermivora cyanoptera<\/em>)<\/p>

Golden-winged Warbler<\/strong> (Vermivora chrysoptera<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-and-white Warbler<\/strong> (Mniotilta varia<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Prothonotary Warbler<\/strong> (Protonotaria citrea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Swainson\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Limnothlypis swainsonii<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Crescent-chested Warbler<\/strong> (Oreothlypis superciliosa<\/em>)<\/p>

Flame-throated Warbler<\/strong> (Oreothlypis gutturalis<\/em>)<\/p>

Tennessee Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis peregrina<\/em>)<\/p>

Orange-crowned Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis celata<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cOrange-crowned Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. celata<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cRocky Mountain Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. orestera<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cPacific-slope Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. lutescens<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cChannel Islands Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. sordida<\/em>)<\/p>

Colima Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis crissalis<\/em>)<\/p>

Lucy\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis luciae<\/em>)<\/p>

Nashville Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis ruficapilla<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cCalaveras Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. r. ridgwayi<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cNashville Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (L. r. ruficapilla<\/em>)<\/p>

Virginia\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Leiothlypis virginiae<\/em>)<\/p>

Semper\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Leucopeza semperi<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Connecticut Warbler<\/strong> (Oporornis agilis<\/em>)<\/p>

Gray-crowned Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis poliocephala<\/em>)<\/p>

Chiriqu\u00ed Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis chiriquensis<\/em>)<\/p>

Masked Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis aequinoctialis<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-lored Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis auricularis<\/em>)<\/p>

Southern Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis velata<\/em>)<\/p>

MacGillivray\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Geothlypis tolmiei<\/em>)<\/p>

Mourning Warbler<\/strong> (Geothlypis philadelphia<\/em>)<\/p>

Kentucky Warbler<\/strong> (Geothlypis formosa<\/em>)<\/p>

Olive-crowned Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis semiflava<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-polled Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis speciosa<\/em>)<\/p>

Belding\u2019s Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis beldingi<\/em>)<\/p>

Bahama Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis rostrata<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Altamira Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis flavovelata<\/em>)<\/p>

Common Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis trichas<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cPacific Yellowthroat\u201d<\/strong> (G. t. arizela<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cWestern Yellowthroat\u201d<\/strong> (G. t. occidentalis<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cEastern Yellowthroat\u201d<\/strong> (G. t. trichas<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cBrownsville Yellowthroat\u201d<\/strong> (G. t. insperata<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cChapala Yellowthroat\u201d<\/strong> (G. t. chapalensis<\/em>)<\/p>

Hooded Yellowthroat<\/strong> (Geothlypis nelsoni<\/em>)<\/p>

Whistling Warbler<\/strong> (Catharopeza bishopi<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Plumbeous Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga plumbea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Elfin Woods Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga angelae<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Arrowhead Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga pharetra<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Hooded Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga citrina<\/em>)<\/p>

American Redstart<\/strong> (Setophaga ruticilla<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Kirtland\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga kirtlandii<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Cape May Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga tigrina<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Cerulean Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga cerulea<\/em>)<\/p>

Northern Parula<\/strong> (Setophaga americana<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Tropical Parula<\/strong> (Setophaga pitiayumi<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cBlack-lored Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. nigrilora<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cWest Mexican Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. pulchra<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cTr\u00e9s Mar\u00edas Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. insularis<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cSocorro Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. graysoni<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cCentral American Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. inornata<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cCoiba Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. cirrha<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cPacific Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. pacifica<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cSubtropical Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. alarum<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cTropical Parula\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. pitiayumi<\/em>)<\/p>

Magnolia Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga magnolia<\/em>)<\/p>

Bay-breasted Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga castanea<\/em>)<\/p>

Blackburnian Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga fusca<\/em>)<\/p>

American Yellow <\/strong> Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga petechia<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cNorthern Yellow Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. aestiva<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cGal\u00e1pagos Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. aureola<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

\u201cMangrove Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. erithachorides<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

\u201cGolden Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. petechia<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cMartinique Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. ruficapilla<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Chestnut-sided Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga pensylvanica<\/em>)<\/p>

Blackpoll Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga striata<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-throated Blue Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga caerulescens<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Palm Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga palmarum<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

\u201cWestern Palm Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. palmarum<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

\u201cYellow Palm Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. hypochrysea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Olive-capped Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga pityophila<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Pine Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga pinus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cPine Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. pinus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cHispaniolan Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (S. p. chrysoleuca<\/em>)<\/p>

Myrtle Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga coronata<\/em>)<\/p>

Audubon\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga auduboni<\/em>)<\/p>

Goldman\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga goldmani<\/em>)<\/p>

Yellow-throated Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga dominica<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Bahama Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga flavescens<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Vitelline Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga vitellina<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Prairie Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga discolor<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Adelaide\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga adelaidae<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Barbuda Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga subita<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

St. Lucia Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga delicata<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>

Grace\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga graciae<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-throated Gray Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga nigrescens<\/em>)<\/p>

Townsend\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga townsendi<\/em>)<\/p>

Hermit Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga occidentalis<\/em>)<\/p>

Golden-cheeked Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga chrysoparia<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-throated Green Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga virens<\/em>)<\/p>

Santa Marta Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis basilica<\/em>)<\/p>

Citrine Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis luteoviridis<\/em>)<\/p>

White-striped Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis leucophrys<\/em>)<\/p>

Flavescent Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis flaveola<\/em>)<\/p>

White-browed Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis leucoblephara<\/em>)<\/p>

Pale-legged Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis signata<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-crested Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis nigrocristata<\/em>)<\/p>

Buff-rumped Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis fulvicauda<\/em>)<\/p>

Riverbank Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis rivularis<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cGuianan Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (M. r. mesoleuca<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cRiverbank Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (M. r. rivularis<\/em>)<\/p>

Two-banded Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis bivittata<\/em>)<\/p>

Roraiman Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis roraimae<\/em>)<\/p>

Choc\u00f3 Warbler<\/strong>\u00a0(Myiothlypis chlorophrys<\/em>)<\/p>

Cuzco Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis chrysogaster<\/em>)<\/p>

Gray-throated Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis cinereicollis<\/em>)<\/p>

White-lored Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis conspicillata<\/em>)<\/p>

Gray-and-gold Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis fraseri<\/em>)<\/p>

Russet-crowned Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis coronata<\/em>)<\/p>

Gray-headed Warbler<\/strong> (Myiothlypis griseiceps<\/em>)<\/p>

Fan-tailed Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus lachrymosus<\/em>)<\/p>

Rufous-capped Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus rufifrons<\/em>)<\/p>

Chestnut-capped Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (Basileuterus delattrii<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cSalvin\u2019s Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. d. salvini<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cChestnut-capped Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. d. delattrii<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-cheeked Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus melanogenys<\/em>)<\/p>

Pirre Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus ignotus<\/em>)<\/p>

Golden-browed Warbler<\/strong> (Setophaga belli<\/em>)<\/p>

Golden-crowned Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus culicivorus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cStripe-crowned Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. c. culicivorus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cCabanis\u2019s Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. c. cabanisi<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cGolden-crowned Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. c. auricapillus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cWhite-bellied Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. c. hypoleucus<\/em>)<\/p>

Black-eared Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus melanotis<\/em>)<\/p>

Tacarcuna Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus tacarcunae<\/em>)<\/p>

Three-banded Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus trifasciatus<\/em>)<\/p>

Yungas Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus punctipectus<\/em>)<\/p>

Three-striped Warbler<\/strong> (Basileuterus tristriatus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cDaedalus Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. t. daedalus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cColombian Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. t. auricularis<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cVenezuelan Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. t. meridanus<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cParia Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. t. pariae<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cThree-striped Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (B. t. tristriatus<\/em>)<\/p>

Canada Warbler<\/strong> (Cardellina canadensis<\/em>)<\/p>

Wilson\u2019s Warbler<\/strong> (Cardellina pusilla<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cWestern Wilson\u2019s Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (C. p. pileolata<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cPacific Wilson\u2019s Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (C. p. chryseola<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cEastern Wilson\u2019s Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (C. p. pusilla<\/em>)<\/p>

Red-faced Warbler<\/strong> (Cardellina rubrifrons<\/em>)<\/p>

Red Warbler<\/strong> (Cardellina rubra<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cGray-cheeked Red Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (C. r. melanauris<\/em>)<\/p>

\u201cWhite-cheeked Red Warbler\u201d<\/strong> (C. r. rubra<\/em>)<\/p>

Pink-headed Warbler<\/strong> (Cardellina versicolor<\/em>)<\/p>

Painted Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus pictus<\/em>)<\/p>

Slate-throated Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus miniatus<\/em>)<\/p>

Brown-capped Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus brunniceps<\/em>)<\/p>

Yellow-crowned Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus flavivertex<\/em>)<\/p>

White-fronted Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus albifrons<\/em>)<\/p>

Golden-fronted Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus ornatus<\/em>)<\/p>

Spectacled Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus melanocephalus<\/em>)<\/p>

Collared Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus torquatus<\/em>)<\/p>

Paria Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus pariae<\/em>)<\/p>

White-faced Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus albifacies<\/em>)<\/p>

Guaiquinima Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus cardonai<\/em>)<\/p>

Tepui Redstart<\/strong> (Myioborus castaneocapilla<\/em>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Curson, J., D. Quinn, and D. Beadle. 1994. Warblers of the Americas: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Dunn, J. L., and K. L. Garrett. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Hume, J.P. 2017. Extinct Birds (Second Edition)<\/em>. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, London.<\/p>

Roberson, D. 2005. Bird Families of the World: New World Warblers: Parulidae<\/em>, http:\/\/creagrus.home.montereybay.com\/parulids.html<\/a>. (Posted October 21, 2005. Accessed March 14, 2019.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Parulidae: Wood Warblers Cape May Warbler. \u00a9 Timothy Jones The wood warblers are a New World family of songbirds best known for adding splashes of color to the lives of birdwatchers in eastern North America each spring.\u00a0 They are small, active insect-gleaners that specialize their foraging habits on certain niches in the forest or, in 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