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{"id":14906,"date":"2019-04-02T15:23:39","date_gmt":"2019-04-02T19:23:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=14906"},"modified":"2019-04-08T12:42:50","modified_gmt":"2019-04-08T16:42:50","slug":"northern-parula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/northern-parula\/","title":{"rendered":"Northern Parula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Anonymous eBirder<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\nhttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/XC463617-Parula.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Rising trill (the classic).\u00a0 \u00a9 John Middleton<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\thttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/XC463112-Northern-Parula-FL-MINWR-Dummitt-Grove-April-19-2018-0920-AM.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Alternate song.\u00a0 \u00a9 Paul Marvin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\thttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/XC287635-NorthernParula_16h04m05apr2015y_LS10.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Variant with elements of both typical song types.\u00a0 \u00a9 J.R. Rigby<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Common across large portions of the eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada from April to September.\u00a0 One of the commonest warblers during spring migration along the Eastern Seaboard, usually detected by its signature trill issuing from the treetops.\u00a0 Its highest breeding densities occur in the Canadian Maritimes and the Deep South (see Breeding Bird Survey Abundance Map<\/em><\/strong> in Notes<\/u><\/strong>, below).\u00a0 In winter, it is very common throughout the Greater Antilles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Setophaga americana<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Parulidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeds in eastern North America.\u00a0 Winters in the West Indies and Middle America.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 NatureServe 2007<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Various forest types from southeastern Manitoba to Nova Scotia and south to central Texas and southern Florida, but mostly absent from the southern Great Lakes region and southern New England.\u00a0 Largely associated with coniferous forests in the north, but deciduous forests and swamps in the south.<\/p>

Its breeding habitats and distribution roughly correspond to the availability of certain mosses and lichens (mainly Usnea<\/em> lichens in the north and Spanish Moss in the southeastern U.S.) that it uses in nest construction.<\/p>

Nonbreeding.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Winters in various types of woodlands, including mangroves, as well as brush and edge habitats.\u00a0 The bulk of the global population winters in the West Indies, north to central Florida and east to the Virgin Islands, with progressively decreasing numbers southeast into the Leeward Islands to around Martinique.\u00a0\u00a0Also common on Isla Providencia and San Andr\u00e9s, and regular on the ABC Islands, but almost unknown from South America.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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A smaller but significant fraction of the population winters on the continent from Veracruz and Oaxaca east through the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula to northern Honduras, and rarely south to Costa Rica.<\/p>

Movements.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Most migration is east of the Appalachians, both northbound and southbound.\u00a0\u00a0A regular vagrant across much of the western U.S., especially in coastal California, where small numbers often winter\u2014and, on several occasions, have remained to breed.\u00a0\u00a0Also an occasional fall vagrant to western Europe and Macaronesia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A small, plump wood warbler with a thin, sharp-tipped bill.\u00a0 In all plumages, it has mostly blue-gray upperparts with an olive patch on the back, white crescents above and below the eye, two prominent white wingbars, a mostly golden-yellow throat and chest, and a white lower breast and belly.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage\u2014note atypically tiny eye crescents.\u00a0 (Little Beach, New Brunswick; July 1, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jim Carroll<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding males have a distinctive dark bib that usually consists of blackish band across the base of the throat and a chestnut band across the upper chest.<\/p>

The details of pattern and coloration in the male\u2019s bib are highly variable\u2014some are narrow, some are wide, some are bold, some are diffuse, some are orange instead of chestnut, some have little or no black, etc. (see examples in accompanying photos).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing a fully developed bib with broad black and chestnut bands.\u00a0 (Clark Point Road, Tremont, Maine; June 7, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Stephen Knox<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing a bib of blended colors.\u00a0 (Pricketts Fort State Park, West Virginia; April 16, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Joey Herron<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing an all-blackish bib with an irregular pattern.\u00a0 (Rock Cut State Park, Illinois; April 24, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 John Longhenry<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing a narrow black throat collar, with chestnut above and below.\u00a0 (Monhegan Island, Maine; May 14, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Luke Seitz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage.\u00a0 (Hardee Lakes Park, Fort Green, Florida; February 27, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Clifton Kahler<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing well-defined olive patch on back.\u00a0 (Leonabelle Turnbull Birding Center, Port Aransas, Texas; April 3, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Curtis McCamy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, with a typical bib with diffuse patches of color.\u00a0 (Key Largo, Florida; April 13, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tasha Trujillo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage.\u00a0 (Lake Erie Metropark, Wayne County, Michigan; May 15, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brendan Klick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing many small patches of color.\u00a0 (Stephen-Langevin Arboretum, Boucherville, Quebec; May 12, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Andr\u00e9 Lanouette<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing narrow patches of color on throat and chest.\u00a0 (Plum Island, Massachusetts; May 9, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jeffrey Offermann<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, with narrow black throat band and orange in place of chestnut.\u00a0 (Lake Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; May 16, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Matt Baumann<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, with an unusually faint bib.\u00a0 (Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia; March 5, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Randall McCarthy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing well-defined olive patch on back.\u00a0 (Brittania Conservation Area, Ottawa, Ontario; May 10, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tom Devesceri<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in breeding plumage, showing crisply delineated patches of color.\u00a0 (June 21, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Denis<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Females and nonbreeding males are similar to one another, both less-vivid versions of the breeding male plumage.\u00a0 The males tend to show a washed-out, but detectable bib, and some black in the lores.\u00a0 Females can also show a faint version of the male\u2019s bib.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, female.\u00a0 (Spaans Lagoon, Aruba; April 12, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Northern Parula, female.\u00a0 (South Padre Island, Texas; April 8, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ann Vaughan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, female\u2014showing traces of a bib, but on a spring date when males are much darker.\u00a0 (Point Ybel Lighthouse Beach Park, Sanibel Island, Florida; April 6, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Peter Hawrylyshyn<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, female.\u00a0 (Magee Marsh, Ohio; May 12, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Adam Jackson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in nonbreeding plumage, with a faintly colored bib.\u00a0 (Mount Pleasant Lodge, Central Andros, Bahamas; December 9, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Michael Bolte<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, male in nonbreeding plumage, with a partial bib.\u00a0 (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; December 9, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dax M. Rom\u00e1n E.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, female\u2014note absence of black in the face.\u00a0 (Mount Auburn Cemetery, Boston, Massachusetts; May 13, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Frank Lehman<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, female.\u00a0 (River Ridge Road, Volusia County, Florida; April 8, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Bruce Cochrane<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immatures have a more washed-out version of the adult plumages\u2014so washed-out that it is not always immediately recognizable.\u00a0 The most pronounced difference is that the upperparts are typically suffused with green.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Matthaei Botanical Gardens, Ann Arbor, Michigan; September 19, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brendan Klick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Lomas Lindas, Dominican Republic; November 9, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dax M. Rom\u00e1n E.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Yamaska, Quebec; September 6, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Andr\u00e9 Lanouette<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Long Point National Park, Ontario; September 4, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ian Davies<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (National Botanical Garden, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; December 5, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dax M. Rom\u00e1n E.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Matthaei Botanical Gardens, Ann Arbor, Michigan; September 22, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brendan Klick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Riparian Preserve at Gilbert Water Ranch, Gilbert, Arizona; October 29, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Laura Ellis<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Northern Parula, immature.\u00a0 (Isla Providencia, Colombia; November 30, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Rafael Tosi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong> Common song is a rising, buzzy trill that terminates with an abrupt down-note:\u00a0