{"id":2053,"date":"2018-10-19T04:27:28","date_gmt":"2018-10-19T08:27:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=2053"},"modified":"2019-05-18T09:28:43","modified_gmt":"2019-05-18T13:28:43","slug":"venezuelan-troupial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/venezuelan-troupial\/","title":{"rendered":"Venezuelan Troupial"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2053\" class=\"elementor elementor-2053\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12e16bb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12e16bb9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-273ca565\" data-id=\"273ca565\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b8dac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"52b8dac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2045\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial1.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial1-300x248.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1b569e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b1b569e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/105447011\">\u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Santiago<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28dc43a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-media_audio\" data-id=\"28dc43a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-media_audio.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-2053-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/XC139473-Icterus-icterus-abr10-08-Zapatoca.mp3?_=1\" \/><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/XC139473-Icterus-icterus-abr10-08-Zapatoca.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/XC139473-Icterus-icterus-abr10-08-Zapatoca.mp3\">https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/XC139473-Icterus-icterus-abr10-08-Zapatoca.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-502c8543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"502c8543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/139473\">\u00a9 Sandra V. Valderrama<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41f1689c\" data-id=\"41f1689c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-199cb892 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"199cb892\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Common and easy to find across much of its range.\u00a0 In the West Indies, it is numerous and conspicuous on Aruba, Bonaire, and Cura\u00e7ao. \u00a0Also common in the lowlands of Puerto Rico, especially in the southwest, where it can usually be found at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/puerto-rico-guanica-sf\/\">Gu\u00e1nica State Forest<\/a>, La Parguera, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/puerto-rico-cabo-rojo-nwr\/\">Cabo Rojo<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/puerto-rico-laguna-cartagena-nwr\/\">Laguna Cartagena<\/a> National Wildlife Refuges.\u00a0 In San Juan, it is fairly common in large gardens and parks, including Julio Enrique Monaga National Park.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6acc2dd6 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"6acc2dd6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1e184085\" data-id=\"1e184085\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-379ad2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"379ad2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Venezuelan Troupial<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5636dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5636dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Icterus\u00a0icterus<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5707449c\" data-id=\"5707449c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-457d5d32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"457d5d32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/family-icteridae\/\"><strong>Family: Icteridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-49b1a22f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"49b1a22f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e98e35c\" data-id=\"7e98e35c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ddd0e15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ddd0e15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Northern Colombia, Venezuela, the ABC Islands, and Puerto Rico<\/strong>, where it occurs in scrub, brushland, dry forest, gallery forest, and woodland edges.<\/p><p>Adapts well to modified environments, living in plantations, parks, and gardens. \u00a0Popular as a cagebird, which has led to the establishment of introduced populations outside its natural range.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-268903fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"268903fa\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56395e0\" data-id=\"56395e0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cb327a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2cb327a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"392\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial-map-e1546291206237.gif\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-7767\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cc05bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cc05bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdphotos.com\/photos\/v?q=gallery&amp;g2_view=xebug.ShowTree&amp;g2_code=RangeMap&amp;g2_species=Venezuelan+Troupial\">\u00a9 NatureServe 2007<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c2ecc97\" data-id=\"1c2ecc97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-641d97a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"641d97a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The subspecies show somewhat different habitat preferences:<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Ridgwayi<\/em> is native to the coastal desert scrub and thorn forests of northernmost Colombia (Guajira), northwestern Venezuela, Aruba, Cura\u00e7ao, Bonaire, and Isla Margarita. \u00a0This race is also well established on Puerto Rico, where it was introduced during the colonial era.\u00a0 Records from other islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Antigua, Dominica, Grenada, and Trinidad), could represent either escaped cagebirds or vagrants, or some of both.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Icterus<\/em> inhabits gallery forests and other semiopen and edge habitats of the Llanos from northeastern Colombia to the Orinoco Delta. \u00a0An introduced population appears to be established in the intermontane valleys of Colombia from Bucaramanga to Bogot\u00e1, and may be spreading westward.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Metae<\/em> appears to be confined to gallery forests along the R\u00edo Meta in the Llanos of northeastern Colombia; possibly also in adjacent Venezuela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1703a08b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1703a08b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2108e4b3\" data-id=\"2108e4b3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ae88bd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ae88bd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>A large, vividly orange-and-black oriole with broad white patches on the wings.\u00a0 Has a black hood that extends to its upper breast, where it ends with a ragged border.<\/p><p>Striking facial features give it a formidable countenance: bold white irises framed by bare blue skin patches, and a pale blue triangle at the base of the bill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77169632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"77169632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"590\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-7769\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial11.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial11-300x277.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-276b6f90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"276b6f90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing characteristic ragged border on black hood.\u00a0 (Aruba; April 16, 2017.) <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/55974661\">\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5e29c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5e29c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-7772\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial14.jpg 454w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial14-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9673a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d9673a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>.\u00a0 (Gotomeer, Bonaire; July 21, 2017.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/64186381\">\u00a9 Carol Morgan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f16b809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f16b809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial7-e1539953662871-768x575.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2051\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial7-e1539953662871-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial7-e1539953662871-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial7-e1539953662871.jpg 785w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56323e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"56323e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing extent of black on back and orange on rump. (Cerro Saroche National Park, Lara, Venezuela; December 30, 2012.)\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hbw.com\/ibc\/1049520\">\u00a9 Eduardo Freitez Gassan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528add7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"528add7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"384\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial17.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19678\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial17.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial17-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48da45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48da45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. icterus<\/em>, showing black back and large orange rump.\u00a0 (Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico Jos\u00e9 Celestino Mutis, Distrito Capital de Bogot\u00e1, Colombia; May 7, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/107487721\">\u00a9 Drew Weber<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f2b253a\" data-id=\"5f2b253a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-463e63b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"463e63b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial2-e1539953879848.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2046\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial2-e1539953879848.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial2-e1539953879848-300x216.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f12bd2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f12bd2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>.\u00a0 (Aruba; April 6, 2013.)\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/96097921\">\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbb30f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dfbb30f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-7771\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial13.jpg 538w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial13-282x300.jpg 282w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 538px) 100vw, 538px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbdfdde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dbdfdde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>. \u00a0(Gu\u00e1nica State Forest, Puerto Rico; February 2, 2010.)\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbase.com\/stevemetz\/image\/121682666\">\u00a9 Steve Metz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b45c032 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b45c032\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"449\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial19.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19680\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial19.jpg 449w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial19-210x300.jpg 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f6fca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f6fca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing black-and-white pattern on back and wings\u2014also note black bar showing on left wing only.\u00a0 (Aruba; April 16, 2017.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/55974651\">\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79c28b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79c28b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-7773\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial15.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial15-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/VZtroupial15-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70b681b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70b681b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing extent of black on back and orange on rump.\u00a0 (Flamingo Park, Cura\u00e7ao; May 19, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/102072361\">\u00a9 Tom Eck<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a0b8e1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a0b8e1f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-358117a\" data-id=\"358117a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81748ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"81748ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"389\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial23.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19684\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial23.jpg 500w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial23-300x233.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74dd1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74dd1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing orange wing linings.\u00a0 (Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico; April 1, 2009.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/69332915@N07\/8259877864\/\">\u00a9 Ernesto Burgos<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef4c4f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef4c4f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The extent of black on the head varies.\u00a0 Typically, <em>ridgwayi<\/em> has a full black hood, while\u00a0<em>icterus<\/em> and <em>metae<\/em> have some orange on the back of the head, but there is variation within each subspecies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dfcf9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9dfcf9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"485\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial4-768x485.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19672\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial4-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial4-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial4.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919cb90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919cb90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. icterus<\/em>, showing orange hindcrown. (Hato el Cedral, Apure, Venezuela; March 14, 2015.)\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hbw.com\/ibc\/1085322\">\u00a9 Margareta Wieser<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6abe079\" data-id=\"6abe079\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0552fc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0552fc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial18.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19679\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial18.jpg 640w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial18-300x220.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac3ffca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac3ffca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. ridgwayi<\/em>, showing full black hood with ragged border.\u00a0 (Sasaki Pond, Aruba; April 20, 2017.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/66589901\">\u00a9 Michael Tromp<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eac3e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7eac3e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"556\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial5-e1539953755688-768x556.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2049\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial5-e1539953755688-768x556.jpg 768w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial5-e1539953755688-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial5-e1539953755688.jpg 912w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c1757f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c1757f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. icterus<\/em>, showing orange hindcrown and a partial black bar across its white wing-patch.\u00a0 (Caracas, Venezuela; August 25, 2011.)\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hbw.com\/ibc\/984201\">\u00a9 Miguel Emmanuelli<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1406051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1406051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Metae<\/em> has a black bar across its white wing-patch.\u00a0 The other subspecies sometimes show this feature, but not consistently.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1160db5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1160db5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1fda47\" data-id=\"a1fda47\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-831ae17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"831ae17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"422\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial9-e1558185773643.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-2082\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial9-e1558185773643.jpg 422w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/VZtroupial9-e1558185773643-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e7d22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91e7d22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. metae<\/em>, showing black bar on white wing-patches, and incomplete black hood with mostly orange crown.\u00a0 (Aricaporo, Casanare, Colombia; June 10, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/104944551\">\u00a9 Felipe Estela<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fa942a\" data-id=\"1fa942a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f81fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9f81fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"367\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-19677\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial16.jpg 550w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/VZtroupial16-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc5d77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfc5d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Venezuelan Troupial, <em>I. i. metae<\/em>, showing black bar on white wing-patch, and full black hood.\u00a0 (Finca Don Ruperto Garcia, Casanare, Colombia; July 22, 2017.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/64085301\">\u00a9 Jorge Soto<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-66007d3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"66007d3a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-766bf99\" data-id=\"766bf99\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79bfd9fc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"79bfd9fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47eece5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47eece5f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30223e88\" data-id=\"30223e88\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-634625c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"634625c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Voice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Song consists of clear, musical whistles in various brief phrases, often alternating between phrases or repeating the same phrase several times then changing to another: <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/139473\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe> <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/224613\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe> <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/224612\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>Both sexes sing, often in duets: <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/465864\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe> <iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/362032\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d0c0fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d0c0fe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a97c6\" data-id=\"52a97c6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d066713 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d066713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8111b2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8111b2d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9f49101\" data-id=\"9f49101\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-770f02c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"770f02c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Cf. Orange-backed Troupial.<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0Venezuelan and Orange-backed Troupials are not known to overlap naturally, but the two could occur together, particularly in the region where Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil meet. \u00a0Also, considering that both are kept as cagebirds, either could occur almost anywhere.<\/p><p>Venezuelan differs from Orange-backed in having a black back, more extensive black on the crown, larger white wing-patch, and larger blue skin patch behind the eye.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e8137e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e8137e9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cc5ef5d\" data-id=\"6cc5ef5d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f0f601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35f0f601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Polytypic species consisting of three recognized subspecies: <em>icterus<\/em>, <em>metae<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>ridgwayi<\/em>.\u00a0 Formerly considered conspecific with Campo and Orange-backed Troupials, collectively known as the Troupial (<em>Icterus icterus<\/em>).<\/p><p>The national bird of Venezuela.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489c5cae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489c5cae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3ddcb2\" data-id=\"c3ddcb2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e08937f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e08937f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Ascanio, D., G.A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall. 2017. <em>Birds of Venezuela<\/em>. Christopher Helm, London.<\/p><p>eBird. 2019. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebird.org\">http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed May 18, 2019.)<\/p><p>Jaramillo, A., and P. Burke. 1999. <em>New World Blackbirds: The Icterids<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>McMullan, M., and T. Donegan. 2014, <em>Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia (Second Edition)<\/em>. Fundaci\u00f3n Proaves de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1.<\/p><p>Meyer de Schauensee, R., and W.H. Phelps, Jr. 1978. <em>A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. <em>A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Ridgely, R.S., and G. Tudor. 1989. <em>The Birds of South America, Volume I: The Oscine Passerines<\/em>. University of Texas Press, Austin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Santiago \u00a9 Sandra V. Valderrama Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Common and easy to find across much of its range.\u00a0 In the West Indies, it is numerous and conspicuous on Aruba, Bonaire, and Cura\u00e7ao. \u00a0Also common in the lowlands of Puerto Rico, especially in the southwest, where it can usually be found at Gu\u00e1nica State Forest, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2053"}],"version-history":[{"count":152,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19743,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2053\/revisions\/19743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}