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{"id":21183,"date":"2019-05-31T06:42:03","date_gmt":"2019-05-31T10:42:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=21183"},"modified":"2019-06-01T00:05:18","modified_gmt":"2019-06-01T04:05:18","slug":"shiny-cowbird","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/shiny-cowbird\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiny Cowbird"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9 Jorge Schlemmer<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\nhttps:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/XC476446-Chupim-Molothrus-bonariensis-OK-CARAIBAS-8-5-2019-9e18.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9 Jayrson Ara\u00fajo de Oliveira<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Common and conspicuous across most of its range.\u00a0 Often found around livestock and in various human-altered habitats.\u00a0 Rare in the U.S.\u00a0 An apparent invasion lasted from the late 1980s into the \u201890s, with a slew of records that spread from southern Florida to many other eastern states.\u00a0 Areas where it has been found consistently include: the western coast from Tampa Bay to Fort Meyers; the Belle Glade area; Homestead; Flamingo (Everglades National Park); and the lower keys from Marathon to Key West.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Molothrus bonariensis<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Icteridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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South America, the West Indies, and expanding into the U.S. and Central America.<\/strong><\/p>

Common and widespread in open, lightly wooded, and settled habitats, including agricultural areas and towns.\u00a0 A brood parasite that has been observed targeting at least 201 species.\u00a0 It is implicated in the declines of several species, especially in the West Indies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 BirdLife International 2018<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Occurs nearly throughout South America except in high mountains, barren deserts, subantarctic steppes, and extensive unbroken forest.\u00a0 Also throughout most of the West Indies, but absent from many of the smaller and drier islands.\u00a0 In Central America, it occurs north at least to Nicaragua\u2019s southern border.<\/p>

In North America, resident in southern Florida, sporadic along the Gulf Coast to Louisiana, casual to coastal Texas and North Carolina, and accidental north to Michigan and New Brunswick.<\/p>

Historically limited to South America and Trinidad & Tobago, but its range has gradually expanded north and west across the West Indies and Central America since the 1890s, starting in the Lesser Antilles.\u00a0 It reached Puerto Rico in 1950s, Hispaniola in the 1970s, and Cuba and Florida in the 1980s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Within South America, it continues to expand into human-altered habitat, filling in previous gaps in Amazonia, along the Pacific Coast, and locally up into the Andes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Male is all-black with a glossy sheen that is purplish on the head, neck, breast, and back, and becomes bluish, then greenish, on the wings and tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male.\u00a0 (Delta del Paran\u00e1, Buenos Aires, Argentina; September 20, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Diego Marino<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male.\u00a0 (Puembo Birding Garden, Pichincha, Ecuador; June 12, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jon Lowes<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male showing the progression of its glossy sheen from purplish to bluish to greenish.\u00a0 (San Isidro, Lima Peru; August 3, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mercedes Benavides<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male showing the progression of its glossy sheen from purplish to bluish to greenish.\u00a0 (Rancho Vegas, Cayey, Puerto Rico; April 29, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Santiago<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male striking a typical posture of alertness.\u00a0 (Torry Island, Belle Glade, Florida; July 16, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Kenny Miller<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; August 7, 2010.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jose Luis Merlo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male in low light, but still showing purplish and bluish sheen.\u00a0 (Las Terrazas, Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve, Artemisa, Cuba; January 11, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Michael J. Good<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male showing that it does not always shine.\u00a0 (La Planicie, Lima, Peru; January 31, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Stephen Gast<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male showing narrow, elongated head shape and bulky body\u2014in strong light, the wings often appear brighter than the body.\u00a0 (Tierra del Sol Golf Course, Aruba; April 9, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male showing narrow, elongated head shape and bulky body.\u00a0 (San Sebasti\u00e1n de la Selva Private Reserve, Misiones, Argentina; October 8, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Luis Cesar Tejo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird mating ritual.\u00a0 \u00a9 Rom\u00e1n Montero<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Female plumage is nondescript and highly variable, with no prominent or distinctive features.\u00a0 When no males are present, the identification of females is often based on size, bill shape, and process of elimination.<\/p>

Its overall coloration is drab: some shade of brown, usually grayish, and somewhat darker and browner on the wings and tail.\u00a0 The body plumage can be even-toned or subtly spotted or streaked.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female showing typically drab coloration and a distinct brow.\u00a0 (Homestead, Florida; June 10, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Shane Runyon<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The predominant tone varies from pale sandy to gray to warm-brown to olive-gray to dark brown.\u00a0 A blackish morph occurs from southern Brazil into Argentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with typical coloration and a distinct brow.\u00a0 (Tunapuna-Piarco, Trinidad; May 18, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mike Hudson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; September 23, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 J. Sim\u00f3n Tagtachian<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female showing pale sandy coloration and a short brow.\u00a0 (Mondesir, Siparia, Trinidad; February 3, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tarran Maharaj<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, blackish morph, with a distinct brow.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; November 29, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Eduardo Cusano<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female showing warm-brown coloration with subtle streaks and a vaguely defined brow.\u00a0 (Vicente L\u00f3pez Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; May 11, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jorge La Grotteria<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with olive-gray coloration and no distinct features.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; September 8, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ezequiel Vera<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Most females have a pale brow, although it is usually subtle.\u00a0 It is often most pronounced directly over the eye, where it narrows and curves to trace an arc along the upper edge of the eye.\u00a0 Behind the eye, the brow typically broadens\u2014however, many individuals have a short brow, and some lack it altogether.<\/p>

The face is usually dark between the brow and throat, giving it a slightly masked appearance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with pale gray coloration and a distinct long brow.\u00a0 (St. George, Grenada; January 18, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Knut Hansen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, with pale gray, spotty plumage and a distinct narrow brow\u2014riding a horse.\u00a0 (Estero Mantagua, Valpara\u00edso, Chile; December 3, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Renacer Experimental<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with warm-brown coloration, an indistinct brow, and noticeable mask.\u00a0 (Fruitville, Florida; June 4, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Randy Harrod<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with an aberrant (pale and rounded) bill and a prominent but short pale brow.\u00a0 (Divi Village Golf Course, Aruba; April 14, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, paler and spottier than most, with a distinct long brow and darker cheek.\u00a0 (San Isidro, Lima, Peru; February 16, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Rutger Koperdraad<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with warm-brown coloration and a distinct short brow.\u00a0 (Bubali Bird Sanctuary, Aruba; July 20, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Michiel Oversteegen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, blackish morph, with a distinct, but very narrow and short brow.\u00a0 (Parque Germ\u00e2nia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; November 26, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Paulo Krieser<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, a dark individual with a noticeable brow.\u00a0 (Delta del Paran\u00e1, Buenos Aires, Argentina; September 20, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Diego Marino<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Many females have no noticeable facial markings and are essentially featureless brownish birds.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with grayish-brown coloration and no distinct features.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; June 3, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ricardo A. Palonksy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with dark-brown coloration and no distinct features.\u00a0 (Vitacura Bicentennial Park, Santiago, Chile; February 16, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Maria Antonieta Gonzalez Soto<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female, blackish morph, with a subtle short brow.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; January 1, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 J. Sim\u00f3n Tagtachian<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female showing typical coloration and an indistinct brow.\u00a0 (Bubali Bird Sanctuary, Aruba; April 7, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with grayish-brown coloration and no distinct features.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; July 9, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 J. Sim\u00f3n Tagtachian<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, female with medium-brown coloration and no distinct features.\u00a0 (Lake Apopka Wildlife Drive, Apopka, Florida; June 5, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Paul Hueber<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immatures generally resemble females, but typically show more uneven coloration and often more contrast between the upperparts and underparts.\u00a0 Most show distinct streaking on the body.<\/p>

Juveniles in particular are heavily streaked, especially on the underparts, and sometimes suffused with a patchy yellowish wash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, probably immature\u2014note heavily streaked body and chestnut in flight feathers.\u00a0 (San Miguel del Monte, Buenos Aires, Argentina; January 25, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Hern\u00e1n Tolosa<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, immature\u2014note streaked underparts and warm-brown in flight feathers.\u00a0 (La Rioja, Argentina; November 30, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Carlos De Biagi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, juvenile\u2014note heavily streaked underparts and yellowish wash.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; December 6, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Eduardo Cusano<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, juvenile showing extensive yellowish wash.\u00a0 (Barrio Naranjo, Comer\u00edo, Puerto Rico.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ernesto Burgos<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immature males go through an obvious transition to adult plumage as irregular patches of black feathers emerge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, immature male\u2014note isolated black feathers on the lower back\u2014with immature House Sparrow at left.\u00a0 (Rancho Vegas, Cayey, Puerto Rico; June 24, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Santiago<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male, immature beginning molt into adult plumage\u2014note isolated black feathers on the breast.\u00a0 (Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, Buenos Aires, Argentina; January 5, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dolores Fernandez<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male molting into adult plumage.\u00a0 (Rancho Vegas, Cayey, Puerto Rico; July 9, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Santiago<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Shiny Cowbird, male molting into adult plumage.\u00a0 (Vitacura Bicentennial Park, Santiago, Chile; March 11, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Vicente Pantoja Maggi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Primary song consists of thin, descending whistles and complex, rapid, musical babbling: