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{"id":21981,"date":"2019-06-07T07:20:12","date_gmt":"2019-06-07T11:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=21981"},"modified":"2019-06-07T13:03:51","modified_gmt":"2019-06-07T17:03:51","slug":"barbados-grackle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/barbados-grackle\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cBarbados Grackle\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Antonio Silveira<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> An insular form of Carib Grackle<\/strong><\/a> that is generally common and conspicuous in its limited range.\u00a0 Especially common on Barbados and Antigua, where it can be found nearly anywhere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Quiscalus lugubris fortirostris<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Icteridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Endemic to Barbados and St. Vincent.\u00a0 Introduced to the Leeward Islands.<\/strong>\u00a0 Occurs in open, lightly wooded, and settled habitats, including agricultural areas and towns.<\/p>

Consists of two subspecies: fortirostris<\/em> of Barbados and contrusus<\/em> of St. Vincent.\u00a0 Fortirostris<\/em> has been introduced to Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, and Nevis, and may occur elsewhere in the Leeward Islands.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A black grackle with pale eyes and a short tail.\u00a0 It is normally the only grackle in its range, though it may sometimes overlap with other forms of Carib Grackle due to inter-island wandering facilitated by cruise ships.<\/p>

As with all grackles, the central tail feathers are the longest, giving the tail a wedge-shaped profile, and it often holds its tail in a \u201ckeel\u201d shape (i.e., as a V or U if viewed in cross-section).<\/p>

Adults of both sexes have pale yellow eyes.\u00a0 Immatures have dark eyes that lighten as they age.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (Holetown, Saint James Parish, Barbados; November 3, 1995.) \u00a0\u00a9 Marvin Hyett<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Males are likely indistinguishable from other forms of Carib Grackle: all-black with purplish iridescence on the head and body, and greenish on the wings and tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (McKinnon\u2019s Pond, Antigua; February 16, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephen Gast<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (St. Phillip, Barbados; November 8, 2007.) \u00a0\u00a9 Gary Davidson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (St. Phillip, Barbados; November 8, 2007.) \u00a0\u00a9 Gary Davidson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (Barbados; November 3, 2011.) \u00a0\u00a9 bajandiver<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary, Christ Church, Barbados; March 1, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brian Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (St. John\u2019s, Antigua; March 19, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Rob Jantos<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (Barbados; October 2004.) \u00a0\u00a9 Dave Mangham<\/a>\/www.wildlifephotos.org.uk<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, male.\u00a0 (Yeptons Pond, Antigua; February 16, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephen Gast<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. contrusus<\/em>, male\u2014this subspecies is somewhat larger than the Barbadian fortirostris<\/em>.\u00a0 (Botanical Gardens, Kingstown, St. Vincent; March 31, 2008.) \u00a0\u00a9 James Holmes<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Females on Barbados and the Leeward Islands (fortirostris<\/em>) are brownish-black overall, often paler and browner around the head, especially on the throat.<\/p>

Females of the St. Vincent subspecies (contrusus<\/em>) are darker, dull-black overall.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, female.\u00a0 (Rockley Beach, Christ Church Parish, Barbados; March 22, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Antonio Silveira<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, female.\u00a0 (Nevis Street Wetland, St. John\u2019s, Antigua; January 7, 2013.) \u00a0\u00a9 Douglas Faulder<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, female showing paler-than-average coloration for this subspecies.\u00a0 (Barbados; April 23, 2009.) \u00a0\u00a9 Mikko Pyh\u00e4l\u00e4<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, female.\u00a0 (McKinnon\u2019s Pond, Antigua; March 14, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Larry Therrien<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cBarbados Grackle,\u201d Q. l. fortirostris<\/em>, female.\u00a0 (McKinnon\u2019s Pond, Antigua; March 14, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Larry Therrien<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Polytypic form consisting of two recognized subspecies, fortirostris<\/em> of Barbados, and introduced to Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, and Nevis, and contrusus<\/em> of St. Vincent.\u00a0 Formerly classified as a full species.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Frontiers of Taxonomy: \u201cBarbados Grackle.\u201d<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The \u201cBarbados Grackle\u201d was initially considered a species separate from the Carib Grackle<\/a> at least in part because these two subspecies are less sexually dimorphic than the other six recognized subspecies of Carib Grackle.\u00a0 However, female coloration varies significantly both among and within the eight subspecies, which suggests that such variation might not be sufficient as the basis for species-level classification in this group.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

eBird. 2019. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed June 4, 2019.)<\/p>

Fraga, R. 2019. Carib Grackle (Quiscalus lugubris<\/em>). In Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em> (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/62285<\/a>. (Accessed June 4, 2019.)<\/p>

Jaramillo, A., and P. Burke. 1999. New World Blackbirds: The Icterids<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p>

Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Antonio Silveira Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 An insular form of Carib Grackle that is generally common and conspicuous in its limited range.\u00a0 Especially common on Barbados and Antigua, where it can be found nearly anywhere. \u201cBarbados Grackle\u201d Quiscalus lugubris fortirostris Family: Icteridae Endemic to Barbados and St. Vincent.\u00a0 Introduced to the Leeward Islands.\u00a0 Occurs in open, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21981","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21981"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21981\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22069,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21981\/revisions\/22069"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21981"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21981"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}