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\u00a9 Rohith Srinivasan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/XC448957-Scaly-breasted-Munia-12-CA-Fort-Rosecrans-NC-October-23-2018-0940-AM-2.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Paul Marvin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Common to abundant across most of its range\u2014one of the most ubiquitous songbirds in southern Asia.\u00a0 In parts of its introduced range it is becoming locally abundant, and appears poised to spread wherever there are disturbed grassy habitats available to colonize.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Scaly-breasted Munia<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lonchura punctulata<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Family: Estrildidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Southern Asia<\/strong> from eastern Afghanistan to southern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia, where it occurs in all kinds of grassy and brushy areas, usually close to water.<\/p>
Introduced widely: in eastern Australia, Hawaii, the southern U.S., the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, the West Indies, Portugal, the Arabian Peninsula, and islands of the western Indian Ocean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9 BirdLife International 2016<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Consists of three potentially distinct forms:<\/p>
\u201cCheckered Munia\u201d<\/strong>: the nominate subspecies is widely distributed in open and semi-open habitats from northeastern Afghanistan east across northern Pakistan, throughout most of India and the lowlands of Nepal to Bangladesh, and south to Sri Lanka.\u00a0 Mostly absent from the arid regions of western India and Pakistan.<\/p>
Introduced populations are established in a growing number of areas: coastal California; coastal Texas; coastal Mississippi to the Florida Panhandle; southeastern Florida; coastal Yucat\u00e1n and Quintana Roo; Cuba; Grand Cayman; Jamaica; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts; Antigua; Guadeloupe; Dominica; Portugal; the Seychelles; Mauritius and R\u00e9union; and the U.A.E. and northern Oman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpotted Munia\u201d<\/strong>: three subspecies (topela<\/em>, yunnanensis<\/em>, and cabanisi<\/em>) are found from eastern Myanmar and southern China east to central-eastern China (north to Zhejiang), Hainan, Taiwan, and south through most of Thailand to southern Vietnam, and on the Philippines and northern Borneo (mainly Sabah).<\/p>
Introduced populations are established on Okinawa, Yap (in the Caroline Islands), eastern Australia (mainly the eastern slope from the northern tip of Queensland south to southern New South Wales, and the main Hawaiian Islands.<\/p>
\u201cScaled Munia\u201d<\/strong>: seven similar subspecies (subundulata<\/em>, fretensis<\/em>, nisoria<\/em>, sumbae<\/em>, blasii<\/em>, particeps<\/em>, and baweana<\/em>), found on the continent from Bhutan and Assam south through most of Myanmar, western Thailand to the Malay Peninsula and into Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, to the Lesser Sundas (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Tanimbar, and adjacent smaller islands).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
A medium-sized munia with a variable but distinctive pattern: solid brown above and white with a scaled pattern below has a similar appearance.<\/p>
Subspecies vary significantly in the richness of their coloration, from bright rufous to plain brown, and even more in the details of the underparts scaling.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Kota, Rajasthan, India; July 15, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dr. Ishwar Malav<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia\u201d<\/strong> has the boldest pattern: rich, rusty brown above with underparts that are bright white with crisp, blackish or dark brown lines.<\/p>
Usually shows a strong demarcation on the upper chest between the brown throat and black-and-white pattern.\u00a0 The \u201cscales\u201d can vary somewhat in shape, but are typically close to rectangular (i.e., checkered).<\/p>
The rump and tail are cinnamon-colored, and the lower back is faintly scaled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, showing its cinnamon rump and tail.\u00a0 (Bangalore, Karnataka, India; July 26, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Rajesh Shah<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Barasat, West Bengal, India; September 30, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Subrato Sanyal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, adult and immature.\u00a0 (Chettykulam, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India; June 17, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Alexandr Kvasha<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Victoria Park, Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka; September 26, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mapalagama K. Premasiri<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, pair.\u00a0 (Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India; July 25, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Go Jayant Atrey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, pair.\u00a0 (Chettykulam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India; June 22, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Alexandr Kvasha<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, holding nest material and showing its cinnamon rump and tail.\u00a0 (Chettykulam, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India; June 8, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Alexandr Kvasha<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Thambuththegama, North Central Province, Sri Lanka; March 3, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Yasanath Dhammika Bandara<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, showing scaled pattern on the lower back.\u00a0 (Gokuleshwar Lake, Alibag Taluka, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India; April 7, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tushar Bhagwat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Bundala, Hambantota, Southern Province, Sri Lanka; January 25, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sarala Jeevanthi Gamage<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Pune, Maharashtra, India; August 5, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Siddharth Damle<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, showing rich cinnamon rump and tail.\u00a0 (Pune, Maharashtra, India; September 20, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Siddharth Damle<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, showing rich cinnamon rump and tail.\u00a0 (Dhakuria Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; June 6, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sumit Sengupta<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, with an atypical scaling pattern.\u00a0 (Jagulia, Nadia, West Bengal, India; December 7, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Malay Mandal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Talegaon Dabhade, Pune District, Maharashtra, India; October 22, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Girish Ketkar<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Talegaon Dabhade, Pune District, Maharashtra, India; August 2, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Girish Ketkar<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>.\u00a0 (Pune, Maharashtra, India; August 20, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Siddharth Damle<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpotted Munia<\/strong>\u201d is more uniformly colored than \u201cCheckered.\u201d\u00a0 It is warm-brown above, variably rusty, with scaly-patterned underparts that are evenly balanced between brown outlines and a whitish base color.<\/p>
It usually has a darker brown throat and sometimes a pale partial collar.\u00a0 The \u201cscales\u201d are narrow and either rounded or angular, and the scales on the upper breast typically have dark central spots or chevrons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Taiwan; January 5, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Francesco Veronesi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Maui; February 13, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jesse Rorabaugh<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>, showing an atypically checkered pattern on its flanks.\u00a0 (Poipu, Kauai; February 14, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dennis Coleman<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Kauai; February 16, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dick Daniels<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. cabanisi<\/em>.\u00a0 (Mount Banahaw, Quezon, Luzon, Philippines; January 14, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ramon J. Quisumbing<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. cabanisi<\/em>.\u00a0 (Palawan, Philippines; October 20, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 manakincarmelo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Hilo, Hawaii; March 30, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Lisa Kinsey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Huajiang, Taipei, Taiwan; October 27, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dave Irving<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Hong Kong; November 8, 2006.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Martin Hale<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Weiwuying Metropolitan Park, Taipei, Taiwan; April 29, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Charles Lam<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Honolulu, Hawaii; June 14, 2008.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>.\u00a0 (Weiwuying Metropolitan Park, Taipei, Taiwan; April 29, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Charles Lam<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>, showing an atypically checkered pattern on its flanks, with extensive white and yellow on its belly and vent.\u00a0 (Hong Kong; June 13, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 dickypa<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia\u201d<\/strong> here refers to the collection of subspecies that are intermediate between the other two forms.\u00a0 Their underparts patterns generally resemble \u201cCheckered\u201d but their coloration is generally more similar to \u201cSpotted.\u201d<\/p>
However, some of these subspecies apparently intergrade with both \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cSpotted,\u201d and they may have scales of various shapes and show colors that resemble either of the other forms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. fretensis<\/em>.\u00a0 (Muntok, Bangka Barat, Bangka Island, Sumatra, Indonesia; December 9, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Muhammad Iqbal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. fretensis<\/em>.\u00a0 (Khao Daeng, Thailand; August 21, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steve Nesbitt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> particeps<\/em>.\u00a0 (Gardenia Country Inn, Manado, northern Sulawesi, Indonesia; June 17, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Marie-France Grenouillet<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. particeps<\/em>.\u00a0 (Sulawesi, Indonesia; October 13, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 David Beadle<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. nisoria<\/em>.\u00a0 (Bukit Gambir, Penang, Malaysia; April 20, 2008.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Choy Wai Mun<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. nisoria<\/em>.\u00a0 (Padang Bai, Bali, Indonesia; January 7, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Andrew Hogg<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. nisoria<\/em>.\u00a0 (Lippo Karawaci, Banten Province, Java, Indonesia; April 19, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dr. Vijay Anand Ismavel<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. nisoria<\/em>.\u00a0 (Ipoh City, Perak, Malaysia; February 20, 2010.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Amar-Singh HSS<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> particeps<\/em>.\u00a0 (Parangloe Village, Tamalanrea Subdistrict, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia; May 11, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Kama Jaya Shagir<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. sumbae<\/em>.\u00a0 (Waingapu, East Sumba, Indonesia; November 3, 2004.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Neville Kemp<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. nisoria<\/em>.\u00a0 (Kubang Semang, Penang, Malaysia; October 6, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Choy Wai Mun<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. sumbae<\/em>.\u00a0 (Waingapu, East Sumba, Indonesia; November 3, 2004.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Neville Kemp<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Immature Plumages<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0 Immature Scaly-breasted Munias come in several shades of pale brown: darker above and paler below.\u00a0 They are essentially patternless and can easily be confused with many other immature finches.\u00a0 \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cScaled\u201d are warmer brown above and buffier below than \u201cSpotted Munia.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p. punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Bangalore University Campus, Karnataka, India; September 4, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Shreyan M L<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Bhandup Pumping Station, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; October 6, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Avinash Bhagat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immatures.\u00a0 (Bhandup Pumping Station, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; October 6, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Avinash Bhagat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Alibag, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India; January 26, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tushar Bhagwat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cScaled Munia,\u201d L. p. subundulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Makunda Christian Hospital Campus, Karimganj District, South Assam, India; September 19, 2010.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Vijay Anand Ismavel<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Kalyan Gandhari, Maharashtra, India; December 30, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Girish Ketkar<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Baidyabati, Hoogly, West Bengal, India; September 2, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Suman Paul<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India; October 30, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Dr. Shrutidev Mishra<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Geeta Colony, Delhi, India; March 9, 2014.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Rajesh Kalra<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cSpotted Munia,\u201d L. p. topela<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Hawkesbury, New South Wales, Australia; August 6, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Thalia & August<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d L. p.<\/em> punctulata<\/em>, molting into adult plumage.\u00a0 (Alibag, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India; March 26, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Tushar Bhagwat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Common call is a quiet ti-dit<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0 Louder alarm call is ti-TEE-dit<\/em><\/strong>: <\/iframe>The song is described as \u201ca series of <em>klik-klik-klik<\/em> or <em>tit-tit-tit<\/em> that continues for a few seconds, is followed by a short series of whistles and churrs ending with a longer <em>weee<\/em>.\u201d\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-59ac3eb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"59ac3eb7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1213c\" data-id=\"a1213c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73042c66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73042c66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Polytypic species consisting of eleven recognized subspecies.\u00a0 The nominate subspecies is often recognized as a distinct form, \u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d and the remaining subspecies divide naturally into two groups that seem appropriately tagged as \u201cSpotted Munia\u201d and \u201cScaled Munia.\u201d<\/p><p>Traditional English and avicultural names include Nutmeg Mannikin, Spotted Munia, Spice Finch, and Ricebird.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6901367d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6901367d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc6fb\" data-id=\"fc6fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2b2d63 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4e2b2d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5902acc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5902acc3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5cd8daec\" data-id=\"5cd8daec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13990da5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13990da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Forms of Scaly-breasted Munia.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Based on plumage coloration and patterns, the Scaly-breasted Munia appears to consist of three distinct forms or species, but the evidence points to the conclusion that it is a single species with a spectrum of appearances that intergrade into one another in zones of overlap.<\/p><p>The subspecies most widely considered separable from the rest is the nominate <em>punctulata<\/em>, \u201cCheckered Munia,\u201d of the Indian subcontinent\u2014it has the most brightly colored upperparts, boldest underparts pattern, and nearly rectangular scaling that does not extend to the undertail coverts.<\/p><p>At the opposite end of the spectrum, the Chinese, Philippine, and Southeast Asian \u201cSpotted Munia\u201d (<em>yunnanensis<\/em>, <em>topela<\/em>, and <em>cabanisi<\/em>) shows duller shades of brown above and below, and the underparts pattern consists of scales that are rounded or angular, with spots or chevrons in their centers, and which extend to the undertail coverts.<\/p><p>The remaining subspecies (provisionally \u201cScaled Munia\u201d) combine features of \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cSpotted.\u201d\u00a0 In coloration, they resemble \u201cSpotted\u201d (with some that appear intermediate between \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cSpotted\u201d), whereas the patterns of their scaling resemble that of \u201cCheckered.\u201d\u00a0 This group includes two Southeast Asian subspecies (<em>subundulata<\/em> and <em>fretensis<\/em>) and all of the strictly Indonesian subspecies (<em>nisoria<\/em>, <em>sumbae<\/em>, <em>blasii<\/em>, <em>particeps<\/em>, and <em>baweana<\/em>).\u00a0 In these populations, whose natural range stretches from Bhutan south through western Indochina and the Malay Peninsula to eastern Indonesia, most adults look like a muted version of the \u201cCheckered Munia.\u201d\u00a0 They appear to intergrade with both \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cSpotted\u201d in the zones of contact.<\/p><p>In sum, the variation of appearances within \u201cScaled Munia\u201d suggests that it represents the central \u201cstem\u201d of <em>L. punctulata<\/em>, and that the \u201cCheckered\u201d and \u201cSpotted\u201d are regional branches that are in the process of diverging from it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b6977a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b6977a8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39810c3e\" data-id=\"39810c3e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c72cfdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c72cfdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Alderfer, J., and J.L. Dunn. 2014. <em>National Geographic Complete Birds of North America (Second Edition)<\/em>. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.<\/p><p>Anonymous. <em>Lonchura punctulata<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758). India Biodiversity Portal. <a href=\"https:\/\/indiabiodiversity.org\/biodiv\/species\/show\/239877\">https:\/\/indiabiodiversity.org\/biodiv\/species\/show\/239877<\/a>. (Accessed April 18, 2018.)<\/p><p>BirdLife International 2016. <em>Lonchura punctulata<\/em>. <em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016<\/em>: e.T22719821A94646304. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719821A94646304.en\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719821A94646304.en<\/a>. (Accessed July 3, 2019.)<\/p><p>Brazil, M. 2009. <em>Birds of East Asia<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Duncan, R.A. 2009. The Status of the Nutmeg Mannikin (<em>Lonchura punctulata<\/em>) in the Extreme Western Panhandle of Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 37:96-97.<\/p><p>eBird. 2019. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebird.org\">http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed July 3, 2019.)<\/p><p>National Institute for Environmental Studies, <em>Invasive Species of Japan<\/em>, Lonchura punctulata. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nies.go.jp\/biodiversity\/invasive\/DB\/detail\/20200e.html\">https:\/\/www.nies.go.jp\/biodiversity\/invasive\/DB\/detail\/20200e.html<\/a>. (Accessed April 18, 2018.)<\/p><p>Payne, R. 2018. Scaly-breasted Munia (<em>Lonchura punctulata<\/em>). In <em>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em> (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/61187\">https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/61187<\/a>. (Accessed July 3, 2019.)<\/p><p>Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. <em>The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. <a href=\"http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/\">http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. <em>A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Restall, R. 1996. <em>Munias and Mannikins<\/em>. Yale University Press, New Haven.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Rohith Srinivasan \u00a9 Paul Marvin Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Common to abundant across most of its range\u2014one of the most ubiquitous songbirds in southern Asia.\u00a0 In parts of its introduced range it is becoming locally abundant, and appears poised to spread wherever there are disturbed grassy habitats available to colonize. Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Family: Estrildidae […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24736","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24736"}],"version-history":[{"count":156,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24736\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39627,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24736\/revisions\/39627"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}