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Columbidae:<\/span> Pigeons and Doves<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Caribbean Dove.\u00a0 \u00a9 Dave Irving<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pigeons and doves are among the most familiar bird families, with a long history as human companions.\u00a0 One species, the Rock Dove<\/strong> (Columba livia<\/em>), has played a significant role in long distance communications (as carrier pigeons) and has become the most thoroughly urbanized of all birds.\u00a0 At the opposite end of the adaptability spectrum, the Dodo<\/strong> (Raphus cucullatus<\/em>) is an emblem of humanity\u2019s propensity for reckless extermination and the vulnerability of species to extinction.<\/p>
The English words pigeon<\/em> and dove<\/em> are somewhat interchangeable.\u00a0 They denote general impressions of sizes and shapes that overlap to some extent, but are not fundamentally distinct categories.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
Many columbid groups include several similar-looking species with overlapping ranges, and many species are shy and difficult to see clearly, so vocalizations are often crucial to identification.<\/p>
Most species have distinctive plumages, but coloration within species varies considerably, depending on factors such as sex, age, molt stage and lighting conditions.\u00a0 Males of many species develop rich iridescent patches that reflect a range of vivid colors.\u00a0 Females, immatures, and non-breeding males typically show weaker, more localized iridescence.\u00a0 For an example of such color variation within a single species, compare these photos of the Key West Quail-Dove<\/strong><\/a> (Geotrygon chrysia<\/em>):<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Key West Quail-Dove<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00a9 GandO<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Key West Quail-Dove<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00a9 Dave Curtis<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Key West Quail-Dove<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00a9 Jim Merritt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Key West Quail-Dove<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00a9 Greg Baker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Taxonomy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
The Columbidae<\/em> comprise approximately 333 to 356 living species, plus 18 that have gone extinct in modern times. \u00a0Recent genetic analyses indicate that there are three core lineages that diverged many millions of years ago.\u00a0 These are now widely recognized as subfamilies, and the two larger subfamilies are further subdivided into a total of seven tribes, as follows:<\/p>
Columbinae:<\/u> Typical Pigeons and Doves (128 to 142 species, plus 7 extinct)<\/p>
Zenaidini:<\/u> American Doves (37 to 43 species)<\/p>
Columbini:<\/u> Pigeons and Turtle-Doves (91 to 99 species, plus 7 extinct)<\/p>
Claravinae:<\/u> Neotropical Ground-Doves (17 species)<\/p>
Raphinae:<\/u> Fruit-Pigeons and Fruit-Doves (188 to 197 species, plus 11 extinct)<\/p>
Phabini:<\/span> Australasian Pigeons and Doves (34 species, plus 3 extinct)<\/p>
Raphini:<\/u> Ground-Pigeons (8 species, plus 4 extinct)<\/p>
Treronini:<\/u> Green-Pigeons (29 species)<\/p>
Turturini:<\/u> Wood-Doves (13 species)<\/p>
Ptilinopini:<\/u> Fruit-Doves and Imperial-Pigeons (104 to 113 species, plus 4 extinct)<\/p>
The species-level taxonomy of the Columbidae<\/em> has remained fairly stable, with a few notable exceptions among the typical pigeons, the Neotropical Leptotila<\/em> doves, and the imperial-pigeons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Blue-headed Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Starnoenas cyanocephala<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Purple Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon purpurata<\/em>)<\/p>
Sapphire Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon saphirina<\/em>)<\/p>
Crested Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon versicolor<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Gray-fronted Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon caniceps<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
White-fronted Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon leucometopia<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Ruddy Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon montana<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Violaceous Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon violacea<\/em>)<\/p>
Key West Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon chrysia<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Bridled Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Geotrygon mystacea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
White-tipped Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila verreauxi<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cWhite-tipped Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. v. verreauxi<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cMara\u00f1\u00f3n Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. v. decolor<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cBrazilian Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. v. brasiliensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Caribbean Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila jamaicensis<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
\u201cYucat\u00e1n Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. j. gaumeri<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
\u201cRed-necked Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. j. jamaicensis<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
\u201cSan Andr\u00e9s Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. j. neoxena<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Large-tailed Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila megalura<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-fronted Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila rufaxilla<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-chested Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila cassinii<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGray-chested Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. cerviniventris<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cRufous-naped Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. rufinucha<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cCassin\u2019s Dove\u201d<\/strong> (L. c. cassinii<\/em>)<\/p>
Tolima Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila conoveri<\/em>)<\/p>
Ochre-bellied Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila ochraceiventris<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-headed Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila plumbeiceps<\/em>)<\/p>
Azuero Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila battyi<\/em>)<\/p>
Pallid Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila pallida<\/em>)<\/p>
Grenada Dove<\/strong> (Leptotila wellsi<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
White-winged Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida asiatica<\/em>)<\/p>
West Peruvian Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida meloda<\/em>)<\/p>
Zenaida Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida aurita<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Gal\u00e1pagos Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida galapagoensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Eared Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida auriculata<\/em>)<\/p>
Mourning Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida macroura<\/em>)<\/p>
Socorro Dove<\/strong> (Zenaida graysoni<\/em>)<\/p>
Buff-fronted Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon costaricensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Tuxtla Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon carrikeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Purplish-backed Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon lawrencii<\/em>)<\/p>
White-faced Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon albifacies<\/em>)<\/p>
White-throated Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon frenata<\/em>)<\/p>
Lined Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon linearis<\/em>)<\/p>
Chiriqu\u00ed Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon chiriquensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Russet-crowned Quail-Dove<\/strong> (Zentrygon goldmani<\/em>)<\/p>
Great Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Reinwardtoena reinwardti<\/em>)<\/p>
Pied Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Reinwardtoena browni<\/em>)<\/p>
Crested Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Reinwardtoena crassirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Black Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Turacoena modesta<\/em>)<\/p>
White-faced Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Turacoena manadensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Sula Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Turacoena sulaensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Barred Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia unchall<\/em>)<\/p>
Andaman Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia rufipennis<\/em>)<\/p>
Barusan Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia modiglianii<\/em>)<\/p>
Philippine Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia tenuirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Enggano Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia cinnamomea<\/em>)<\/p>
Ruddy Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia emiliana<\/em>)<\/p>
Sultan\u2019s Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia doreya<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cSultan\u2019s Cuckoo-Dove\u201d<\/strong> (M. d. doreya<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPale-capped Cuckoo-Dove\u201d<\/strong> (M. d. albicapilla<\/em>)<\/p>
Flores Sea Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia macassariensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia amboinensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Timor Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia magna<\/em>)<\/p>
Tanimbar Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia timorlaoensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Brown Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia phasianella<\/em>)<\/p>
Bar-tailed Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia nigrirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
MacKinlay\u2019s Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia mackinlayi<\/em>)<\/p>
Little Cuckoo-Dove<\/strong> (Macropygia ruficeps<\/em>)<\/p>
Passenger Pigeon<\/strong> (Ectopistes migratorius<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
White-crowned Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas leucocephala<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Scaly-naped Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas squamosa<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Scaled Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas speciosa<\/em>)<\/p>
Bare-eyed Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas corensis<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Picazuro Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas picazuro<\/em>)<\/p>
Spot-winged Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas maculosa<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cWhite-winged Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (P. m. albipennis<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cSpot-winged Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (P. m. maculosa<\/em>)<\/p>
Band-tailed Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas fasciata<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cBand-tailed Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (Patagioenas fasciata<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cViosca Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (Patagioenas vioscae<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cWhite-naped Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (Patagioenas albilinea<\/em>)<\/p>
Chilean Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas araucana<\/em>)<\/p>
Ring-tailed Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas caribaea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Pale-vented Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas cayennensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-billed Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas flavirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas oenops<\/em>)<\/p>
Plain Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas inornata<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Plumbeous Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas plumbea<\/em>)<\/p>
Ruddy Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas subvinacea<\/em>)<\/p>
Short-billed Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas nigrirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Dusky Pigeon<\/strong> (Patagioenas goodsoni<\/em>)<\/p>
Red Collared-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia tranquebarica<\/em>)<\/p>
Island Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia bitorquata<\/em>)<\/p>
Philippine Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia dusumieri<\/em>)<\/p>
Oriental Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia orientalis<\/em>)<\/p>
European Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia turtur<\/em>)<\/p>
Dusky Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia lugens<\/em>)<\/p>
Adamawa Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia hypopyrrha<\/em>)<\/p>
Ring-necked Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia capicola<\/em>)<\/p>
Vinaceous Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia vinacea<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-eyed Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia semitorquata<\/em>)<\/p>
Mourning Collared-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia decipiens<\/em>)<\/p>
White-winged Collared-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia reichenowi<\/em>)<\/p>
Eurasian Collared-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia decaocto<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
\u201cEurasian Collared-Dove\u201d<\/strong> (S. d. decaocto<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
\u201cBurmese Collared-Dove\u201d<\/strong> (S. d. <\/em>xanthocycla<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
African Collared-Dove<\/strong> (Streptopelia roseogrisea<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Laughing Dove<\/strong> (Spilopelia senegalensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Western Spotted Dove<\/strong> (Spilopelia suratensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Eastern Spotted Dove<\/strong> (Spilopelia chinensis<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Malagasy Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Nesoenas picturatus<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink Pigeon<\/strong> (Nesoenas mayeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Mauritius Turtle-Dove<\/strong> (Nesoenas cicur<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
R\u00e9union Pigeon<\/strong> (Nesoenas duboisi<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Rodrigues Pigeon<\/strong> (Nesoenas rodericanus<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Forest Dove<\/strong> (Columba simplex<\/em>)<\/p>
Lemon Dove<\/strong> (Columba larvata<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cLemon Dove\u201d<\/strong> (C. l. hypoleuca<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPr\u00edncipe Dove\u201d<\/strong> (C. l. principalis<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cCinnamon Dove\u201d<\/strong> (C. l. larvata<\/em>)<\/p>
Delegorgue\u2019s Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba delegorguei<\/em>)<\/p>
Bronze-naped Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba iriditorques<\/em>)<\/p>
S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba malherbii<\/em>)<\/p>
Ashy Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba pulchricollis<\/em>)<\/p>
Nilgiri Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba elphinstonii<\/em>)<\/p>
Sri Lanka Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba torringtoniae<\/em>)<\/p>
Pale-capped Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba punicea<\/em>)<\/p>
Silvery Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba argentina<\/em>)<\/p>
Andaman Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba palumboides<\/em>)<\/p>
Laurel Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba junoniae<\/em>)<\/p>
Rameron Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba arquatrix<\/em>)<\/p>
Cameroon Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba sjostedti<\/em>)<\/p>
Maroon Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba thomensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Comoro Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba pollenii<\/em>)<\/p>
Mauritius Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba thiriouxi<\/em>) \u2020<\/p>
Speckled Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba hodgsonii<\/em>)<\/p>
White-naped Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba albinucha<\/em>)<\/p>
Common Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba palumbus<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cWhite-necked Wood-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (C. p. palumbus<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cCinnamon-necked Wood-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (C. p. casiotis<\/em>)<\/p>
Trocaz Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba trocaz<\/em>)<\/p>
Bolle\u2019s Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba bollii<\/em>)<\/p>
Afep Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba unicincta<\/em>)<\/p>
Speckled Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba guinea<\/em>)<\/p>
White-collared Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba albitorques<\/em>)<\/p>
Stock Dove<\/strong> (Columba oenas<\/em>)<\/p>
Pale-backed Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba eversmanni<\/em>)<\/p>
Somali Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba oliviae<\/em>)<\/p>
Rock Dove<\/strong> (Columba livia<\/em>)<\/p>
Hill Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba rupestris<\/em>)<\/p>
Snow Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba leuconota<\/em>)<\/p>
Japanese Wood-Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba janthina<\/em>)<\/p>
Bonin Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba versicolor<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Ryukyu Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba jouyi<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Metallic Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba vitiensis<\/em>)<\/p>
White-headed Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba leucomela<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellow-legged Pigeon<\/strong> (Columba pallidiceps<\/em>)<\/p>
Blue Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Claravis pretiosa<\/em>)<\/p>
Long-tailed Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Uropelia campestris<\/em>)<\/p>
Maroon-chested Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia mondetoura<\/em>)<\/p>
Purple-winged Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia geoffroyi<\/em>)<\/p>
Golden-spotted Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia aymara<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-winged Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia melanoptera<\/em>)<\/p>
Bare-faced Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia ceciliae<\/em>)<\/p>
Bare-eyed Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Metriopelia morenoi<\/em>)<\/p>
Blue-eyed Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina cyanopis<\/em>)<\/p>
Picui Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina picui<\/em>)<\/p>
Croaking Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina cruziana<\/em>)<\/p>
Inca Dove<\/strong> (Columbina inca<\/em>)<\/p>
Scaled Dove<\/strong> (Columbina squammata<\/em>)<\/p>
Common Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina passerina<\/em>)<\/p>
Plain-breasted Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina minuta<\/em>)<\/p>
Ruddy Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina talpacoti<\/em>)<\/p>
Ecuadorian Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Columbina buckleyi<\/em>)<\/p>
New Guinea Bronzewing<\/strong> (Henicophaps albifrons<\/em>)<\/p>
New Britain Bronzewing<\/strong> (Henicophaps foersteri<\/em>)<\/p>
Sulawesi Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Gallicolumba tristigmata<\/em>)<\/p>
Cinnamon Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Gallicolumba rufigula<\/em>)<\/p>
Sulu Bleeding-heart<\/strong> (Gallicolumba menagei<\/em>)<\/p>
Mindoro Bleeding-heart<\/strong> (Gallicolumba platenae<\/em>)<\/p>
Negros Bleeding-heart<\/strong> (Gallicolumba keayi<\/em>)<\/p>
Mindanao Bleeding-heart<\/strong> (Gallicolumba crinigera<\/em>)<\/p>
Luzon Bleeding-heart<\/strong> (Gallicolumba luzonica<\/em>)<\/p>
Wetar Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas hoedtii<\/em>)<\/p>
White-bibbed Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas jobiensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Marquesas Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas rubescens<\/em>)<\/p>
White-fronted Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas kubaryi<\/em>)<\/p>
Polynesian Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas erythropterus<\/em>)<\/p>
White-throated Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas xanthonurus<\/em>)<\/p>
Bronze Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas beccarii<\/em>)<\/p>
Palau Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas canifrons<\/em>)<\/p>
Thick-billed Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas salamonis<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Santa Cruz Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas sanctaecrucis<\/em>)<\/p>
Friendly Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas stairi<\/em>)<\/p>
Tanna Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas ferrugineus<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Norfolk Island Ground-Dove<\/strong> (Alopecoenas norfolkensis<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Crested Pigeon<\/strong> (Ocyphaps lophotes<\/em>)<\/p>
Chestnut-quilled Rock-Pigeon<\/strong> (Petrophassa rufipennis<\/em>)<\/p>
White-quilled Rock-Pigeon<\/strong> (Petrophassa albipennis<\/em>)<\/p>
Wonga Pigeon<\/strong> (Leucosarcia melanoleuca<\/em>)<\/p>
Diamond Dove<\/strong> (Geopelia cuneata<\/em>)<\/p>
Zebra Dove<\/strong> (Geopelia striata<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>
Peaceful Dove<\/strong> (Geopelia placida<\/em>)<\/p>
Barred Dove<\/strong> (Geopelia maugeus<\/em>)<\/p>
Bar-shouldered Dove<\/strong> (Geopelia humeralis<\/em>)<\/p>
Common Bronzewing<\/strong> (Phaps chalcoptera<\/em>)<\/p>
Brush Bronzewing<\/strong> (Phaps elegans<\/em>)<\/p>
Flock Bronzewing<\/strong> (Phaps histrionica<\/em>)<\/p>
Spinifex Pigeon<\/strong> (Geophaps plumifera<\/em>)<\/p>
Squatter Pigeon<\/strong> (Geophaps scripta<\/em>)<\/p>
Partridge Pigeon<\/strong> (Geophaps smithii<\/em>)<\/p>
Thick-billed Ground-Pigeon<\/strong> (Trugon terrestris<\/em>)<\/p>
Choiseul Pigeon<\/strong> (Microgoura meeki<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Pheasant Pigeon<\/strong> (Otidiphaps nobilis<\/em>)<\/p>
Nicobar Pigeon<\/strong> (Caloenas nicobarica<\/em>)<\/p>
Spotted Green Pigeon<\/strong> (Caloenas maculata<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Dodo<\/strong> (Raphus cucullatus<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Rodrigues Solitaire<\/strong> (Pezophaps solitaria<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Tooth-billed Pigeon<\/strong> (Didunculus strigirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Western Crowned-Pigeon<\/strong> (Goura cristata<\/em>)<\/p>
Sclater\u2019s Crowned-Pigeon<\/strong> (Goura sclaterii<\/em>)<\/p>
Scheepmaker\u2019s Crowned-Pigeon<\/strong> (Goura scheepmakeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Victoria Crowned-Pigeon<\/strong> (Goura victoria<\/em>)<\/p>
Cinnamon-headed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron fulvicollis<\/em>)<\/p>
Little Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron olax<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink-necked Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron vernans<\/em>)<\/p>
Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron bicinctus<\/em>)<\/p>
Sri Lanka Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron pompadora<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-fronted Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron affinis<\/em>)<\/p>
Ashy-headed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron phayrei<\/em>)<\/p>
Andaman Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron chloropterus<\/em>)<\/p>
Philippine Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron axillaris<\/em>)<\/p>
Buru Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron aromaticus<\/em>)<\/p>
Thick-billed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron curvirostra<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-cheeked Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron griseicauda<\/em>)<\/p>
Sumba Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron teysmannii<\/em>)<\/p>
Flores Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron floris<\/em>)<\/p>
Timor Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron psittaceus<\/em>)<\/p>
Large Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron capellei<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron phoenicopterus<\/em>)<\/p>
Bruce\u2019s Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron waalia<\/em>)<\/p>
Madagascan Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron australis<\/em>)<\/p>
Comoros Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron australis<\/em>)<\/p>
African Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron calvus<\/em>)<\/p>
Pemba Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron pembaensis<\/em>)<\/p>
S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron sanctithomae<\/em>)<\/p>
Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron apicauda<\/em>)<\/p>
Sumatran Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron oxyurus<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellow-vented Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron seimundi<\/em>)<\/p>
Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron sphenurus<\/em>)<\/p>
White-bellied Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron sieboldii<\/em>)<\/p>
Whistling Green-Pigeon<\/strong> (Treron formosae<\/em>)<\/p>
White-eared Brown-Dove<\/strong> (Phapitreron leucotis<\/em>)<\/p>
Amethyst Brown-Dove<\/strong> (Phapitreron amethystinus<\/em>)<\/p>
Tawitawi Brown-Dove<\/strong> (Phapitreron cinereiceps<\/em>)<\/p>
Mindanao Brown-Dove<\/strong> (Phapitreron brunneiceps<\/em>)<\/p>
Asian Emerald-Dove<\/strong> (Chalcophaps indica<\/em>)<\/p>
Pacific Emerald-Dove<\/strong> (Chalcophaps longirostris<\/em>)<\/p>
Stephan\u2019s Emerald-Dove<\/strong> (Chalcophaps stephani<\/em>)<\/p>
Namaqua Dove<\/strong> (Oena capensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Emerald-spotted Wood-Dove<\/strong> (Turtur chalcospilos<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-billed Wood-Dove<\/strong> (Turtur abyssinicus<\/em>)<\/p>
Blue-spotted Wood-Dove<\/strong> (Turtur afer<\/em>)<\/p>
Tambourine Dove<\/strong> (Turtur tympanistria<\/em>)<\/p>
Blue-headed Wood-Dove<\/strong> (Turtur brehmeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula poliocephala<\/em>)<\/p>
White-bellied Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula forsteni<\/em>)<\/p>
Mindoro Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula mindorensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-headed Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula radiata<\/em>)<\/p>
Spotted Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula carola<\/em>)<\/p>
Green Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula aenea<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGreen Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. a. aenea<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cMaroon-naped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. a. nuchalis<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cRufous-naped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. a. paulina<\/em>)<\/p>
Nicobar Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula nicobarica<\/em>)<\/p>
Spectacled Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula perspicillata<\/em>)<\/p>
Seram Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula neglecta<\/em>)<\/p>
Elegant Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula concinna<\/em>)<\/p>
Pacific Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula pacifica<\/em>)<\/p>
Micronesian Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula oceanica<\/em>)<\/p>
Polynesian Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula aurorae<\/em>)<\/p>
Marquesas Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula galeata<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-knobbed Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula rubricera<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPink-necked Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. r. rubricera<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGray-necked Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. r. rufigula<\/em>)<\/p>
Spice Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula myristicivora<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPink-naped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. m. myristicivora<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGray-naped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. m. geelvinkiana<\/em>)<\/p>
Purple-tailed Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula rufigaster<\/em>)<\/p>
Cinnamon-bellied Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula basilica<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cCinnamon-bellied Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. b. basilica<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGolden-naped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. b. obiensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Finsch\u2019s Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula finschii<\/em>)<\/p>
Rufescent Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula chalconota<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPurple-rumped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. c. chalconota<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGreen-rumped Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. c. smaragdina<\/em>)<\/p>
Island Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula pistrinaria<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink-headed Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula rosacea<\/em>)<\/p>
Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula whartoni<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula pickeringii<\/em>)<\/p>
Barking Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula latrans<\/em>)<\/p>
Chestnut-bellied Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula brenchleyi<\/em>)<\/p>
Vanuatu Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula bakeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Goliath Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula goliath<\/em>)<\/p>
Pinon Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula pinon<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cPinon Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. p. pinon<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cSalvadori\u2019s Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. p. salvadorii<\/em>)<\/p>
Black Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula melanochroa<\/em>)<\/p>
Collared Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula mullerii<\/em>)<\/p>
Zo\u00eb\u2019s Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula zoeae<\/em>)<\/p>
Mountain Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula badia<\/em>)<\/p>
Dark-backed Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula lacernulata<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGray-headed Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. l. lacernulata<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cWilliam\u2019s Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. l. williami<\/em>)<\/p>
\u201cGray-crowned Imperial-Pigeon\u201d<\/strong> (D. l. sasakensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Timor Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula cineracea<\/em>)<\/p>
Pied Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula bicolor<\/em>)<\/p>
Silver-tipped Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula luctuosa<\/em>)<\/p>
Torresian Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula spilorrhoa<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellowish Imperial-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ducula subflavescens<\/em>)<\/p>
New Zealand Pigeon<\/strong> (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae<\/em>)<\/p>
Chatham Island Pigeon<\/strong> (Hemiphaga chathamensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Norfolk Island Pigeon<\/strong> (Hemiphaga spadicea<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Topknot Pigeon<\/strong> (Lopholaimus antarcticus<\/em>)<\/p>
Sombre Pigeon<\/strong> (Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa<\/em>)<\/p>
Papuan Mountain-Pigeon<\/strong> (Gymnophaps albertisii<\/em>)<\/p>
Buru Mountain-Pigeon<\/strong> (Gymnophaps mada<\/em>)<\/p>
Seram Mountain-Pigeon<\/strong> (Gymnophaps stalkeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Pale Mountain-Pigeon<\/strong> (Gymnophaps solomonensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Scarlet-breasted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus bernsteinii<\/em>)<\/p>
Wompoo Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus magnificus<\/em>)<\/p>
Flame-breasted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus marchei<\/em>)<\/p>
Cream-breasted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus merrilli<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus occipitalis<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-eared Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus fischeri<\/em>)<\/p>
Jambu Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus jambu<\/em>)<\/p>
Oberholser\u2019s Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus epius<\/em>)<\/p>
Banggai Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus subgularis<\/em>)<\/p>
Sula Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus mangoliensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-chinned Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus leclancheri<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-naped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus melanospilus<\/em>)<\/p>
Golden Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus luteovirens<\/em>)<\/p>
Orange Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus victor<\/em>)<\/p>
Whistling Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus layardi<\/em>)<\/p>
Mauritius Blue-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ptilinopus nitidissimus<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Madagascan Blue-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ptilinopus madagascariensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Comoros Blue-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ptilinopus sganzini<\/em>)<\/p>
Seychelles Blue-Pigeon<\/strong> (Ptilinopus pulcherrimus<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink-headed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus porphyreus<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-backed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus cinctus<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-naped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus dohertyi<\/em>)<\/p>
Black-banded Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus alligator<\/em>)<\/p>
Dwarf Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus nainus<\/em>)<\/p>
Cloven-feathered Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus holosericeus<\/em>)<\/p>
Superb Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus superbus<\/em>)<\/p>
White-bibbed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus rivoli<\/em>)<\/p>
Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus solomonensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Tanna Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus tannensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Orange-bellied Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus iozonus<\/em>)<\/p>
Claret-breasted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus viridis<\/em>)<\/p>
White-headed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus eugeniae<\/em>)<\/p>
Knob-billed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus insolitus<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-headed Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus hyogastrus<\/em>)<\/p>
Carunculated Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus granulifrons<\/em>)<\/p>
Pink-spotted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus perlatus<\/em>)<\/p>
Wallace\u2019s Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus wallacii<\/em>)<\/p>
Orange-fronted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus aurantiifrons<\/em>)<\/p>
Ornate Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus ornatus<\/em>)<\/p>
Beautiful Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus pulchellus<\/em>)<\/p>
Blue-capped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus monacha<\/em>)<\/p>
Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus regina<\/em>)<\/p>
Coroneted Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus coronulatus<\/em>)<\/p>
White-capped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii<\/em>)<\/p>
Red-moustached Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus mercierii<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>
Red-bellied Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus greyi<\/em>)<\/p>
Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus porphyraceus<\/em>)<\/p>
Purple-capped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus ponapensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Kosrae Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus hernsheimi<\/em>)<\/p>
Palau Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus pelewensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Mariana Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus roseicapilla<\/em>)<\/p>
Silver-capped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus richardsii<\/em>)<\/p>
Many-colored Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus perousii<\/em>)<\/p>
Lilac-crowned Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus rarotongensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Gray-green Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus purpuratus<\/em>)<\/p>
Rapa Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus huttoni<\/em>)<\/p>
Scarlet-capped Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus insularis<\/em>)<\/p>
Makatea Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus chalcurus<\/em>)<\/p>
Atoll Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus coralensis<\/em>)<\/p>
Negros Fruit-Dove<\/strong> (Ptilinopus arcanus<\/em>) \u2020<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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References<\/u><\/strong><\/p>
Boyd, J.H., 2017. Taxonomy in Flux: COLUMBIFORMES. http:\/\/jboyd.net\/Taxo\/List3.html#columbiformes<\/a>. (Posted December 2, 2017. Accessed September 14, 2019.)<\/p>
Gibbs, D., E. Barnes, and J. Cox. 2001. Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World<\/em>. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.<\/p>
Hume, J.P. 2017. Extinct Birds (Second Edition)<\/em>. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, London.<\/p>
Roberson, D. 2012. Bird Families of the World: Pigeons and Doves, Columbidae<\/em>, http:\/\/creagrus.home.montereybay.com\/pigeons.html<\/a>. (Posted February 21, 2012. Accessed September 14, 2019.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Text \u00a9 Russell Fraker \/ September 14, 2019<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Columbidae: Pigeons and Doves Caribbean Dove.\u00a0 \u00a9 Dave Irving Pigeons and doves are among the most familiar bird families, with a long history as human companions.\u00a0 One species, the Rock Dove (Columba livia), has played a significant role in long distance communications (as carrier pigeons) and has become the most thoroughly urbanized of all birds.\u00a0 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