{"id":32924,"date":"2019-11-08T22:52:36","date_gmt":"2019-11-09T02:52:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=32924"},"modified":"2020-05-16T01:51:07","modified_gmt":"2020-05-16T05:51:07","slug":"bachmans-warbler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/bachmans-warbler\/","title":{"rendered":"Bachman\u2019s Warbler \u2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Jerry A. Payne<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Until at least 1962, Bachman\u2019s Warblers returned annually to the I\u2019on Swamp in the Francis Marion National Forest northeast of Charleston, South Carolina (also the approximate site of its discovery to ornithology).\u00a0 The next forty years saw a sporadic trickle of reports from various quarters of its range: one more from the I\u2019on Swamp in 1975; Louisiana in 1975 and 1988; Long County, Georgia in 1975; Brevard County, Florida on March 30, 1977 (inconclusively photographed); and Guardalavaca, Cuba on January 14, 2002 (reportedly filmed).\u00a0 Large-scale, systematic searches of likely breeding habitat throughout its range in the 1980s and 1990s were unsuccessful, leaving little room for hope that any members of the species have survived.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bachman\u2019s Warbler \u2020<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vermivora bachmanii<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Parulidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Extinct.\u00a0 Formerly bred in the southeastern U.S. and wintered on Cuba.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Simon Pierre Barrette<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Primary nesting habitat was swamp forest, especially with canebrakes of the bamboo Arundinaria gigantea<\/em>, in the bottomlands of the Mississippi River Valley from southern Illinois to Louisiana, on the coastal plains from eastern Texas and eastern Virginia to northern Florida; and in pockets of low-lying land elsewhere, including eastern Oklahoma.<\/p>

Nonbreeding.<\/em><\/strong> \u00a0Wintered all across Cuba, with isolated records from the Isle of Youth, Florida, and Georgia\u2019s Okefenokee Swamp.\u00a0 On its wintering grounds it occupied various habitats, including dry forest, wetlands, and settled areas with flowering trees.<\/p>

Movements.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Migration evidently funneled through Florida, and was early in both directions, northbound mostly during March and southbound mostly during August.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A small olive-and-yellow warbler with a thin, decurved bill.<\/p>

Male had yellow underparts, olive upperparts, a grayish crown with black forecrown and yellow forehead, and a prominent black bib.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Female was nondescript, mostly plain olive, sometimes showing a muted version of the male\u2019s pattern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bachman\u2019s Warbler, pair.\u00a0 (Illustration from The Warblers of North America<\/em> by Frank M. Chapman, D. Appleton & Company, New York, 1907.)\u00a0 Louis Agassiz Fuertes<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bachman\u2019s Warbler, male.\u00a0 (Museum specimen, UMMZ 163718, collected in Louisiana in 1891.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Phil Myers<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bachman\u2019s Warbler, female.\u00a0 (Museum specimen UMMZ 163715, collected in Florida in 1890.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Phil Myers<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Voice.<\/em><\/strong> Song was an even-toned, buzzy trill: Macauley Library recording from near Charleston, South Carolina in 1958.\u00a0 \u00a9 G. Stuart Keith<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic species.<\/p>

IUCN Red List Status: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Post-Mortem.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Bachman\u2019s Warbler was a habitat specialist that did not survive the European colonization of North America.\u00a0 The proximate cause of its decline is uncertain, and several candidate theories have been offered, especially the degradation of its breeding habitat.\u00a0 It also endured heavy losses on migration\u2014evidenced by the deaths of at least 21 individuals striking the lighthouse at Sombrero Key, Florida, one night in March 1889.\u00a0 Contrasting the wide expanse of its breeding range against the focused vulnerability of the entire population on migration, it appears that the latter had far greater potential to reduce its numbers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Alderfer, J., and J.L. Dunn. 2014. National Geographic Complete Birds of North America (Second Edition)<\/em>. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.<\/p>

Avibirds.com. 2019. Bachman\u2019s Warbler. https:\/\/avibirds.com\/bachmans-warbler-extinct\/<\/a>. (Accessed November 7, 2019.)<\/p>

BirdLife International. 2017. Vermivora bachmanii<\/em> (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017:<\/em> e.T22721607A119488270. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22721607A119488270.en<\/a>. (Accessed November 7, 2019.)<\/p>

Curson, J., D. Quinn, and D. Beadle. 1994. Warblers of the Americas: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

del Hoyo, J., N. Collar, and J.S. Marks. 2019. Bachman\u2019s Warbler (Vermivora bachmanii<\/em>). In Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em> (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/1344154<\/a>. (Accessed November 7, 2019.)<\/p>

Dunn, J.L., and K.L. Garrett. 1997. A Field Guide to Warblers of North America<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Garrido, O.H, and A. Kirkconnell. 2000. Field Guide to the Birds of Cuba<\/em>. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.<\/p>

Hamel, P.D. 1986. Bachman\u2019s Warbler: A Species in Peril<\/em>. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.<\/p>

Hamel, P.B., and S.A. Gauthreaux, Jr. 1982. The field identification of Bachman\u2019s Warbler (Vermivora bachmanii<\/em> Audubon). American Birds<\/em> 36:235-240.<\/p>

Hume, J.P. 2017. Extinct Birds (Second Edition)<\/em>. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, London.<\/p>

Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p>

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 1998. Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida: Bachman\u2019s Warbler. https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/verobeach\/MSRPPDFs\/Bachmanswarbler.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Jerry A. Payne Birdfinding.info \u21d2  Until at least 1962, Bachman\u2019s Warblers returned annually to the I\u2019on Swamp in the Francis Marion National Forest northeast of Charleston, South Carolina (also the approximate site of its discovery to ornithology).  The next forty years saw a sporadic trickle of reports from various quarters of its range: one 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