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\u00a9 Alexander Viduetsky<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/XC188849-03-Red-Avadavat-Male-breeding.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Sharad Apte<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

Birdfinding.info <\/em><\/strong>\u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Common and widespread in grassy areas near water throughout most of India east to West Bengal.\u00a0 Generally uncommon and localized elsewhere.\u00a0 Near Bangkok, one place where it can often be found is Lat Krabang<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 In northern Thailand, the campuses of Mae Jo University and Mae Hia Agricultural College in Chiang Mai are consistent sites.\u00a0 In Fiji, it is common around Nadi; in Portugal, at Barroca d\u2019Alva and Herdade da Alfar\u00f3fia; in Spain, at Badajoz, Madrigalejo, Montehermoso, and Soto Guti\u00e9rrez; and on Guadeloupe, at Barrage de Gaschet.\u00a0 In Hawaii, it is common in the lowlands of Oahu (e.g., Kapolei, Honouliuli, Kawainui, and James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge) and Kauai (Poipu and Lihue Airport), but less so on the Big Island (where Kealakehe Wastewater Treatment Plant, Pu\u2019u Anahulu, and the end of Waikoloa Road are consistent sites).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red Avadavat<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Amandava amandava<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Family: Estrildidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Southern Asia and Indonesia; widely introduced elsewhere.<\/strong>\u00a0 Occurs in open grassy habitats, usually near water and often in marshes, mainly in humid lowlands, but locally up to 2,400 m elevation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Approximate natural range of the Red Avadavat (with some sites of reported\u00a0 introduced populations shown in purple).\u00a0 \u00a9 BirdLife International 2016<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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In South Asia, widespread across the subcontinent from northeastern Pakistan east across most of India, the Nepalese lowlands, and Bangladesh\u2014but not in Sri Lanka.<\/p>
In Southeast Asia, local in valleys and plains of Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia.\u00a0 Also occurs very locally in adjacent portions of western Yunnan, southwestern Laos, and southern Vietnam.<\/p>
In Indonesia, found on Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Alor, Timor, and Wetai\u2014but apparently not on Sumbawa (between Lombok and Flores).<\/p>
Widely introduced worldwide, with significant populations established in several areas, including: central and southern Portugal and Spain; along the Nile River in Egypt; Singapore; Fiji (several islands); and Hawaii (Kauai, Oahu, and the Big Island).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Smaller populations appear to be established in: northern Italy (near Pisa); northeastern Greece (around Lake Ismarida); Saudi Arabia (Riyadh area); the United Arab Emirates (Dubai area); peninsular Malaysia (Penang); northern Borneo (Sabah); Guadeloupe; and possibly also Martinique.<\/p>
Populations currently designated as A. a. flavidiventris<\/em> (and sometimes as the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat\u201d) occupy two disjunct areas: northern Indochina (most of Myanmar and adjacent portions of China and northern Thailand) and the Lesser Sundas (from Flores to Timor).\u00a0 (See Notes<\/u><\/strong> below, Frontiers of Taxonomy: Why the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat\u201d Is Probably a Color Morph, Not a Distinct Taxonomic Form.<\/em><\/strong>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
Male in breeding plumage is unique: vivid red overall, with a rosy bill and brown wings, back, and tail, and dappled with crisp, white specks on the wings, sides, chest, rump, and tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage showing black lores and white crescent below the eye. \u00a0(Rajarhat Wetlands I, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India; October 2, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Souvik Roychoudhury<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Often has black lores and a fine white crescent below the eye.\u00a0 The belly and vent are blackish throughout most of its range, but in the \u201cYellow-bellied\u201d populations of northern Indochina and the Lesser Sundas, the male\u2019s belly is paler, shading from orange to yellow.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage, ventral view showing blackish belly and white specks across chest. \u00a0(Bangalore, India; September 11, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Shreyan M.L.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, male in breeding plumage. \u00a0(Nam Kham Nature Reserve, Chiang Rai, Thailand; December 4, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ayuwat Jearwattanakanok<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage. \u00a0(New Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; October 12, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Mayureshl Khatavkar<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage showing black lores and belly. \u00a0(Pariej Lake, Kheda, Gujarat, India; December 19, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Manish Panchal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage. \u00a0(Lat Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand; January 21, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Bird Soong<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage with limited white speckling. \u00a0(The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India; August 26, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Renuka Vijayaraghavan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage with limited white speckling\u2014note that this bird has a black belly and is in the range of the putative \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>. \u00a0(Mae Jo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; September 4, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ayuwat Jearwattanakanok<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage with large white spots. \u00a0(Kotagiri, Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, India; October 10, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Manjula Mathur<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage, appearing darker and browner than most. \u00a0(Naihati, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India; October 6, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Nikhil Adhikary<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, male in breeding plumage.\u00a0 (Nam Kham Nature Reserve, Chiang Rai, Thailand.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Woraphot Bunkwhamdi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage\u2014note that this photo was taken along India\u2019s western coast, far from the range of the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>. \u00a0(Ganeshghat, Dombivli, Thane, Maharashtra, India; November 22, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sujata Phadke<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage, dull brownish-red overall. \u00a0(Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India; May 15, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jugal Tiwari<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, moulting male. \u00a0(Ganeshghat, Dombivli, Thane, Maharashtra, India; March 28, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sujata Phadke<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male. \u00a0(Soto Guti\u00e9rrez, Sureste Nature Park, Madrid, Spain; March 29, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00edn<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, moulting male.\u00a0 (Sumba, Indonesia, Indonesia; July 23, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Yovie Jehabut<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, moulting male. \u00a0(Hosakote Kere, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; March 10, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sivaguru Noopuran PRS<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, moulting male. \u00a0(Deobali Jalah, Nagaon District, Assam, India; February 27, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sapon Baruah<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, male in nonbreeding plumage with a few red feathers on the nape. \u00a0(Punjab, Pakistan; December 25, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Imran Shah<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Female is brownish above and paler below, with a vivid red rump, rosy or dark bill, a black mask, and crisp, white speckles on the wings and tail.<\/p>
The upperparts vary in tone from grayish to olive, and the underparts vary from gray or tan to yellow\u2014females of the \u201cYellow-bellied\u201d populations tend to be more olive above yellower below than the others<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female. \u00a0(Hazratpur Wetlands, Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, India; September 3, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Kaajal Dasgupta<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female with extensively yellowish underparts. \u00a0(Dankuni Wetland, Hooghly District, West Bengal, India; September 2, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Santanu Chatterjee<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female. \u00a0(Rampura Grassland, Dahod District, Gujarat, India; December 1, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Pragnesh R. Patel<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female with extensively yellowish underparts. \u00a0(The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India; August 12, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Renuka Vijayaraghavan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female with predominantly gray plumage. \u00a0(Dhanauri Wetlands, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; April 19, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Vijay Kumar Sethi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, pale female with crisp black mask. \u00a0(Pashchim Medinipur, West Bengal, India; September 23, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sourav Dinda<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female with predominantly drab brown-and-gray plumage. \u00a0(Hoskote Lake, Bangalore, India; January 26, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sachin Shurpali<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female appearing mostly plain and nondescript. \u00a0(Ban Khum fish ponds and paddies, Phetchaburi, Thailand; January 20, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Ayuwat Jearwattanakanok<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female with plain-gray underparts. \u00a0(Herdade da Alfar\u00f3fia, Elvas, Portalegre, Portugal; April 23, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jorge Safara<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, female showing predominantly olive plumage.\u00a0 (Bulong Prefectural Nature Reserve, Mengsong, Yunnan, China; February 1, 2012.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Craig Brelsford<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, female showing predominantly olive plumage.\u00a0 (Nam Kham Nature Reserve, Chiang Mai, Thailand.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Woraphot Bunkwhamdi<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, female preening its rump. \u00a0(Garden of the Sleeping Giant, Nadi, Vitu Levu, Fiji; March 3, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 David Irving<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Immature is brownish with a dark bill, buffy wingbars, and often pale eye-crescents and white margins on the outer tail feathers.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature. \u00a0(Abhera Wetland, Kota, Rajasthan, India; November 26, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sunil Singhal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature with a generally sooty appearance. \u00a0(Okhla Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India; December 30, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Srikumar Bose<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature with a pinkish bill, bold white eye-crescents, strong wingbars, and upright, flycatcher-like posture. \u00a0(Abhera Wetland, Kota, Rajasthan, India; November 26, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sunil Singhal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature. \u00a0(Chilla Khader, Delhi, India; February 13, 2019.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Rajeth Kalmar<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature. \u00a0(Bhandup Pumping Station, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; January 30, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Avinash Bhagat<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t $\"\"$ \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Red Avadavat, immature, dorsal view showing a mostly drab, nondescript small songbird, lacking any notable features. \u00a0(University of Hawaii \u2013 West Oahu, Kapolei, Hawaii; March 9, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Sharif Uddin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Most vocalizations are thin, high-pitched seeps and chirps.\u00a0 The male\u2019s song typically consists of a few such notes assembled into brief phrases, delivered in an unhurried manner: <\/iframe><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/293164\/embed?simple=1\" width=\"340\" height=\"115\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a56bfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a56bfd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-abcd97b\" data-id=\"abcd97b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa5c144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa5c144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Polytypic species consisting of three recognized subspecies, <em>amandava<\/em>, <em>punicea<\/em>, and <em>flavidiventris<\/em> (the latter sometimes considered a distinct form, the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat\u201d; see \u201cNotes\u201d).<\/p><p>Alternative names include Red Munia and Strawberry Finch (traditional among aviculturists).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dded107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dded107\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-164c5576\" data-id=\"164c5576\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b661d53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b661d53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Frontiers of Taxonomy: Why the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat\u201d Is Probably a Color Morph, Not a Distinct Taxonomic Form.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Whereas most male Red Avadavats have extensively black bellies, in two widely separated portions of its range, northern Indochina and the Lesser Sundas of Indonesia, the males have mostly yellow-to-orange bellies.\u00a0 These populations are recognized as a single subspecies, <em>A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, often referred to as the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat.\u201d\u00a0 They are visually distinctive (males more so than females) and have received some attention as a potential candidate for full species status, but the available evidence suggests that these are regional variants or color morphs of Red Avadavat, not an independent branch of the taxonomic tree.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70651ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70651ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ca946d\" data-id=\"2ca946d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7597b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a7597b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-39563\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat8.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat8-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b604188 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b604188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Red Avadavat, typical black-bellied male in breeding plumage. \u00a0(Rajarhat Wetlands I, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India; October 2, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/117593211\">\u00a9 Souvik Roychoudhury<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19693c8\" data-id=\"19693c8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef5cee0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ef5cee0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-39569\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat15.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat15-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d6c2cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d6c2cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d <em>A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>, male in breeding plumage. \u00a0(Nam Kham Nature Reserve, Chiang Rai, Thailand; December 4, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/126676511\">\u00a9 Ayuwat Jearwattanakanok<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3663c15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3663c15\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f7d50e\" data-id=\"6f7d50e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78bf54d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78bf54d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The basic observation that points to this conclusion is biogeographic: the Red Avadavat\u2019s natural range (as it is understood) consists of two widely separated regions (southern Asia and parts of Indonesia) and both regions have black-bellied and yellow-bellied populations in them.\u00a0 To draw a taxonomic distinction between black-bellied and yellow-bellied \u201cforms\u201d\u2014i.e., as separate species or incipient species\u2014would entail that the two sets of yellow-bellied populations are more closely related to one another than to the adjacent black-bellied populations.\u00a0 But their peculiar distribution makes this appear unlikely (conceivable, but unlikely).<\/p><p>Based on our understanding of speciation, the current distribution of black-bellied and yellow-bellied populations could have three possible origins: (1) the widespread ancestral species was black-bellied and an isolated population developed yellow bellies; (2) the widespread ancestral species was yellow-bellied and an isolated population developed black bellies; or (3) the widespread ancestral species was black-bellied and two isolated populations developed yellow bellies.\u00a0 Each of the possible origins raises its own peculiar set of implications.<\/p><p><u>Single split from black to yellow:<\/u>\u00a0 If the common ancestral stock was black-bellied and a yellow-bellied population developed\u2014presumably in either northern Indochina and the Lesser Sundas\u2014it is difficult to imagine the sequence of historical events that would result in the current distribution.<\/p><p>The regions of northern Indochina and the Lesser Sundas are approximately 2,000 miles apart, with the expanse between them partly occupied by two different black-bellied populations, partly unoccupied, and partly ocean.\u00a0 A complex and fortuitous\u2014and ultimately implausible\u2014progression of range expansions and contractions would be needed for an initially isolated yellow-bellied population to bridge this gap naturally without being reabsorbed into the black-bellied majority.\u00a0 Human-assisted transport is a theoretically possible explanation, but the remoteness of both areas makes this seem highly unlikely as well.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15be0d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15be0d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aa1f44a\" data-id=\"aa1f44a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7790c21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7790c21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><u>Single split from yellow to black.<\/u>\u00a0 A somewhat more plausible scenario is that the common ancestral stock was yellow-bellied and a black-bellied population developed.\u00a0 In this scenario, the development of black bellies could have occurred anywhere in the ancestral range\u2014probably on the Indian subcontinent, in light of the Red Avadavat\u2019s current distribution.<\/p><p>This hypothesis raises a different set of problematic issues, however, because it would mean that black-bellied populations displaced the yellow-bellies from an originally wider range, leaving two isolated remnants.\u00a0 This in turn implies that black-bellies outcompete yellow-bellies either genetically (through sexual selection) or ecologically (through some other trait).<\/p><p>While it is conceivable that black-bellies do in fact hold an evolutionary advantage over yellow-bellies, the existence of such an advantage, by itself, would not explain the current distribution.\u00a0 If true, this hypothesis implies that yellow-bellied populations require a physical or ecological barrier against invasion by black-bellies\u2014which exists in one case but not the other.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36a7711\" data-id=\"36a7711\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a268ffa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a268ffa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat12-e1585761222303.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-39566\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat12-e1585761222303.jpg 425w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat12-e1585761222303-300x226.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a24434c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a24434c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Red Avadavat, black-bellied male in breeding plumage\u2014photograph taken within the range of the putative \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d <em>A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>. \u00a0(Mae Jo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; September 4, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/113678401\">\u00a9 Ayuwat Jearwattanakanok<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bfcec7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bfcec7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3a9fa3\" data-id=\"e3a9fa3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6e55b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6e55b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Lesser Sunda populations are naturally isolated by water: there are black-bellied populations on Bali and Lombok in the western Lesser Sundas, across the Alas Strait from Flores.\u00a0 But the continental Indochinese population is wedged between two black-bellied populations that occur in the same habitat and biome as the yellow-bellied, with no apparent isolating factor.\u00a0 In fact, they clearly are not isolated as black-bellied males occur together with yellow-bellied males in northern Thailand (and probably Myanmar, etc.).<\/p><p><u>Two independent splits from black to yellow.<\/u>\u00a0 Lacking a plausible theory to explain how a single split progressed to the peculiar distribution pattern of yellow-bellied and black-bellied populations that prevails today, the straightforward explanation is that the yellow-belly trait emerged independently in northern Indochina and the Lesser Sundas.<\/p><p>A likely implication is that this difference in belly pigmentation is part of the natural variation within <em>Amandava amandava<\/em>.\u00a0 It may either be a latent trait or caused by a simple mutation that recurs from time to time, which in two extant cases became locally predominant.\u00a0 There is some evidence to support this\u2014as some males in black-bellied populations have yellow bellies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a23a796\" data-id=\"a23a796\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a65dbe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a65dbe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat26.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-39580\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat26.jpg 480w, https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/RedAvadavat26-300x246.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f66a8ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f66a8ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Red Avadavat, male in breeding plumage\u2014photograph taken along India\u2019s western coast, far from the range of the \u201cYellow-bellied Avadavat,\u201d <em>A. a. flavidiventris<\/em>. \u00a0(Ganeshghat, Dombivli, Thane, Maharashtra, India; November 22, 2018.)\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/macaulaylibrary.org\/asset\/124819811\">\u00a9 Sujata Phadke<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d78003d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d78003d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a477837\" data-id=\"a477837\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba2acd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba2acd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With this explanation it seems appropriate to regard the yellow-bellied populations as regional color morphs of Red Avadavat, pending the emergence of new information that supports separate status for either or both of them.\u00a0 Finally, if they are recognized as subspecies\u2014i.e., separate lineages on the avadavat family tree\u2014they would have to be two, not one, so the designation <em>flavidiventris<\/em> should not include both of them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a2e545d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a2e545d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c16ccb6\" data-id=\"2c16ccb6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e4f34b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e4f34b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Anonymous. 2018. <em>Amandava amandava<\/em> (Linnaeus, 1758) \u2013 Red Munia. Birds of India Consortium (eds.). <em>Birds of India, v. 1.56<\/em>. Indian Foundation for Butterflies. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.birdsofindia.org\/sp\/1382\/Amandava-amandava\">http:\/\/www.birdsofindia.org\/sp\/1382\/Amandava-amandava<\/a>. (Accessed April 14, 2018.)<\/p><p>BirdLife International. 2016. <em>Amandava amandava<\/em>. <em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:<\/em> e.T22719614A94635498. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719614A94635498.en\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719614A94635498.en<\/a>. (Accessed March 29, 2020.)<\/p><p>Brazil, M. 2009. <em>Birds of East Asia<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Clement, P., A. Harris, and J. Davis. 1993. <em>Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>eBird. 2020. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebird.org\">http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed March 30, 2020.)<\/p><p>Hawaii Audubon Society. 2005. <em>Hawaii\u2019s Birds <\/em><em>(Sixth Edition)<\/em>. Island Heritage Publishing, Waipahu, Hawaii.<\/p><p>Kirwan, G.M., A. Levesque, M. Oberle, and C.J. Sharpe. 2019. <em>Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.<\/p><p>National Institute for Environmental Studies, <em>Invasive Species of Japan<\/em>, Amandava amandava. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nies.go.jp\/biodiversity\/invasive\/DB\/detail\/20260e.html\">https:\/\/www.nies.go.jp\/biodiversity\/invasive\/DB\/detail\/20260e.html<\/a>. (Accessed April 14, 2018.)<\/p><p>Payne, R. 2018. Red Avadavat (<em>Amandava amandava<\/em>). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). <em>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em>. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/61081\">https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/61081<\/a>. (Accessed March 30, 2020.)<\/p><p>Pratt, H.D. 1993. <em>Enjoying Birds in Hawaii: A Birdfinding Guide to the Fiftieth State (Second Edition)<\/em>. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p><p>Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. <em>The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. <a href=\"http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/\">http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>.<\/p><p>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. <em>A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Restall, R. 1997. <em>Munias and Mannakins<\/em>. Yale University Press, New Haven.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Alexander Viduetsky \u00a9 Sharad Apte Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Common and widespread in grassy areas near water throughout most of India east to West Bengal.\u00a0 Generally uncommon and localized elsewhere.\u00a0 Near Bangkok, one place where it can often be found is Lat Krabang.\u00a0 In northern Thailand, the campuses of Mae Jo University and Mae Hia Agricultural […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39634","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39634","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39634"}],"version-history":[{"count":94,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39634\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40661,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39634\/revisions\/40661"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39634"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39634"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39634"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}