Cf. Other Hill Mynas.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The Gracula<\/em> hill mynas are immediately recognizable to the genus level by the unique yellow-orange wattles that extend like flaps behind the eyes and around the back of the head.\u00a0 Within the group, the Sri Lanka Hill Myna<\/strong> (G. <\/em>ptilogenys<\/em>) is distinctive in having a dark-based bill and more limited wattles than the others.\u00a0 The others are very similar to one another and the boundaries between species have been interpreted differently over time.<\/p>

Their ranges do not naturally overlap but all are heavily persecuted for the pet trade so they are subject to unnatural relocations, so there is significant potential for misidentification\u2014especially of individuals in captivity and escapees.<\/p>

As of 2020, the consensus view, adopted in the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em>, is to classify eight of the similar hill myna subspecies together as the Common Hill Myna<\/strong> (G. religiosa<\/em>) but to recognize three as separate species: indica<\/em> (Southern), venerata<\/em> (Tenggara), and robusta<\/em> (Nias).\u00a0 Each of these three differs consistently from the religiosa<\/em> group.<\/p>

Southern Hill Myna<\/strong> (G. indica<\/em>) of southwestern India and Sri Lanka averages slightly small than Common and has a thinner bill.\u00a0 Its wattles emerge from a higher region of the crown than Common\u2019s, and have a different shape\u2014when seen from above or behind, the wattles form two loops.\u00a0 Southern\u2019s vocalizations also differ from Common\u2019s in being higher-pitched and screechy or wheezy.<\/p>

Tenggara Hill Myna<\/strong> (G. venerata<\/em>) of the Lesser Sunda Islands is approximately the same size as Common, but has wattles that more closely resemble Southern\u2019s.\u00a0 Tenggara also has peculiar bumps on the front of its crown, and its vocalizations differ noticeably from Common\u2019s in having a nasal, wheezy quality.<\/p>

Nias Hill Myna<\/strong> (G. <\/em>robusta<\/em>) of the Nias and Banyak Islands, west of northern Sumatra, is significantly larger than Common, with a thicker bill, glossier plumage, and a proportionately larger white wing-patch.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t