{"id":46693,"date":"2020-06-07T23:00:32","date_gmt":"2020-06-08T03:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=46693"},"modified":"2021-02-19T23:35:20","modified_gmt":"2021-02-20T03:35:20","slug":"hawaiian-duck","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/hawaiian-duck\/","title":{"rendered":"Hawaiian Duck"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Mel Senac<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info <\/em><\/strong>\u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Endangered but still locally common on Kauai.\u00a0 Rare and local on Oahu and the Big Island.\u00a0 Reliable sites on Kauai include Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge<\/strong><\/a>, Kawai\u2019ele Waterbird Sanctuary<\/strong><\/a>, Kauai Lagoons in Lihue<\/strong><\/a>, golf courses around Poipu<\/strong><\/a>, and Hanapepe<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 On Oahu, James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge is probably the most consistent site.\u00a0 On the Big Island, it is mostly limited to streams on the eastern slope of the Kohala mountains, including the Pololu and Waipio valleys, and sometimes visits ponds along the Mamalahoa Highway east of Waimea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Anas wyvilliana<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Anatidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Endemic to Hawaii,<\/strong> and resident on Kauai, Oahu, and the Big Island, where it inhabits streams and ponds.\u00a0 Unlike many of its relatives, it often prefers mountain streams over shallow ponds.<\/p>

Generally distributed throughout Kauai.\u00a0 On Oahu, it occurs mainly at the northern tip of the island, but sometimes appears at other wetland areas.\u00a0 On the Big Island, it is mostly limited to streams on the eastern slope of the Kohala mountains.<\/p>

Extant populations are difficult to assess because of an indeterminate amount of hybridization with Mallards.\u00a0 The hybridization itself is difficult to assess because the Hawaiian Duck is somewhat variable and some individuals naturally resemble Mallards more than others do.<\/p>

Estimates in the 2000s have been approximately 2,000 on Kauai and 100 each on Oahu and the Big Island.<\/p>

Formerly also inhabited Ni\u2019ihau, Molokai, and Maui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A mottled-brown duck that resembles a female or eclipse-plumaged Mallard, with a speculum that varies across a wide spectrum from green to various shades of blue to purple.<\/p>

The sexes are both generally hen-plumaged, but differ subtly from one another.\u00a0 In many cases, even with a clear view, both sexes appear entirely mottled-brown and they can be difficult to distinguish.<\/p>

Male\u2019s bill is dull-greenish, usually pale but sometimes dark.\u00a0 On most males the head and neck are paler brown than the body.\u00a0 Fully mature males have prominent white or whitish eyerings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male with a purple speculum.\u00a0 (Ko Olina Beach Villa Resort, Honokai Hale, Oahu, Hawaii; August 6, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immature males often show some green on the head, which gives the appearance of Mallard hybridization\u2014but is actually a natural feature of Hawaiian Duck.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, immature male\u2014note partly greenish head.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; March 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kathryn Hart<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Females are typically paler brown overall than males and usually do not show a markedly paler head and neck nor a white eyering.<\/p>

Female\u2019s bill is mostly blackish with traces of dull-orange around the edges.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; March 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kathryn Hart<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male.\u00a0 (Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; August 30, 2007.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Walther<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female.\u00a0 (Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; June 9, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Sharif Uddin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male with a purplish-blue speculum.\u00a0 (Hokuala Golf Course, Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii; October 19, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ted Floyd<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male with a turquoise speculum.\u00a0 (Ko Olina Beach Villa Resort, Honokai Hale, Oahu, Hawaii; August 6, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male with a deep-blue speculum.\u00a0 (Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; February 27, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Donna Pomeroy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; August 26, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cloyce Hedge<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, sex indeterminate.\u00a0 (Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; February 27, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Donna Pomeroy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male\u2014note white eyering and greenish bill.\u00a0 (Eleele, Kauai, Hawaii; April 14, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lizabeth Southworth<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female with a blue-green speculum.\u00a0 (Ko Olina Beach Villa Resort, Honokai Hale, Oahu, Hawaii; August 6, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Steven Mlodinow<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, heavily marked but sex indeterminate.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; January 8, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Joel Gilb<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; December 26, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kevin Lapp<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; April 4, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Mel Senac<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female with a deep-blue speculum.\u00a0 (McBryde Garden, Kauai, Hawaii; February 18, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Euan Aitken<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, female with a blue speculum.\u00a0 (Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; September 11, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Steve McInnis<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, an apparently dark individual of indeterminate sex.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; April 4, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Mel Senac<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck with a purplish speculum.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; March 22, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Paul Prappas<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck, male.\u00a0 (Hokuala Golf Course, Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii; February 29, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Donna Pomeroy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck.\u00a0 (Kawaiele State Waterbird Sanctuary, Kauai, Hawaii; September 2, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Barry Blust<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck.\u00a0 (Ohiki Road, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kauai, Hawaii; July 17, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Etienne Artigau<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck.\u00a0 (Kawaiele State Waterbird Sanctuary, Kauai, Hawaii; August 7, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Joe Nirschl<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hawaiian Duck.\u00a0 (Kawaiele State Waterbird Sanctuary, Kauai, Hawaii; August 7, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Joe Nirschl<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic species.<\/p>

IUCN Red List Status: Endangered<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

BirdLife International. 2017. Anas wyvilliana<\/em> (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017:<\/em> e.T22680199A112386802. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22680199A112386802.en<\/a>. (Accessed June 7, 2020.)<\/p>

eBird. 2020. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed June 7, 2020.)<\/p>

Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>

Pratt, H.D. 1993. Enjoying Birds in Hawaii: A Birdfinding Guide to the Fiftieth State (Second Edition)<\/em>. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>

Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2 (January 1, 2017). http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Mel Senac Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Endangered but still locally common on Kauai.\u00a0 Rare and local on Oahu and the Big Island.\u00a0 Reliable sites on Kauai include Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, Kawai\u2019ele Waterbird Sanctuary, Kauai Lagoons in Lihue, golf courses around Poipu, and Hanapepe.\u00a0 On Oahu, James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge is probably the most consistent 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