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{"id":46868,"date":"2020-06-09T17:07:36","date_gmt":"2020-06-09T21:07:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=46868"},"modified":"2021-02-19T23:02:39","modified_gmt":"2021-02-20T03:02:39","slug":"laysan-duck","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/laysan-duck\/","title":{"rendered":"Laysan Duck"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Cindy Marple<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info <\/em><\/strong>\u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 After a close brush with extinction the early 1900s, the Laysan Duck<\/strong> fully recovered without direct intervention.\u00a0 Although formerly much more widespread, during its bottleneck the entire global population was confined to Laysan Island.\u00a0 Within its tiny, remote, mid-oceanic range\u2014which also includes Midway and Kure\u2014it is common.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Anas laysanensis<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Anatidae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Endemic to Hawaii:<\/strong> resident on Laysan, and introduced to Midway and Kure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck perched on a railing on Sand Island, Midway Atoll. \u00a0(April 7, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cindy Marple<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Formerly more widespread: there is subfossil evidence that it occurred in the main Hawaiian Islands before Polynesian settlement, and a natural population occupied Lisianski in the 1800s.<\/p>

Between 1911 and 1936, the total population was in the range of 7 to 20 individuals, all on Laysan.\u00a0 It is even thought to have reached the extreme low point of a single female with eggs in 1930.\u00a0 By 1961, however, it had rebounded to about 700.<\/p>

To address the natural vulnerability of the Laysan population, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service developed wetlands on Midway Atoll and in 2004-05 translocated 42 Laysan Ducks there.\u00a0 The Midway population has hovered around 500.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In 2014 a flock of 28 was translocated to Kure, and it has since begun breeding and expanding.<\/p>

Eventual reintroduction to one or more of the main islands has been discussed in recovery plan documents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A small, habitually terrestrial, largely nocturnal, mottled-brown duck with highly variable white spectacles.<\/p>

On some individuals nearly the entire head is white, while some (possibly just immatures) have only a narrow eyering, but the majority show a broad blotchy eyering or spectacle.<\/p>

The speculum can be either green or blue.<\/p>

The male\u2019s bill is typically yellowish, while female\u2019s is more pinkish, and both have variable amounts of dark grayish or brown smudges on the upper mandible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, male showing yellow-and-blackish bill; neighbor\u2019s speculum appearing blue.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; December 25, 2008.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; December 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Will Kennerley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, male showing yellow-and-blackish bill and green speculum.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; December 25, 2008.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with mostly grayish bill.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; January 1, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Breck Tyler<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with large, messy white spectacle and yellow-and-blackish bill.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; December 25, 2008.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck showing dull-greenish speculum.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; January 25, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cameron Rutt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck showing green speculum.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; October 2, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with mostly whitish head.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; August 29, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jonathan Plissner<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with mostly white head and unusual white patches in body plumage.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; January 9, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Zeke Smith<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with large, messy white spectacle, largely whitish head, and mostly grayish bill.\u00a0 (Eastern Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; April 15, 2009.) \u00a0\u00a9 Steve Tucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, adult and duckling.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; April 30, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, apparently three immatures (based on the thin white eyerings) drinking from a puddle.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; July 26, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with dark bill, minimal (apparently incomplete) eyering, and green speculum.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; July 26, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck showing both spectacles.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 24, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; October 23, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kristina McOmber<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with typical spectacle.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; December 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Will Kennerley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck with large, irregular white spectacle.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 24, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, apparently gorging on flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 23, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks, apparently gorging on flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 24, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, duckling learning to catch flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; July 25, 2014.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks, apparently gorging on flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; February 2, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cameron Rutt<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks, apparently gorging on flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 24, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, apparently gorging on flies.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 25, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; February 15, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; August 24, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Duck, showing white underwings.\u00a0 (Laysan Island, Hawaii; March 23, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Robby Kohley<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Laysan Ducks in flight, with speculums showing green.\u00a0 (Sand Island, Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii; October 2, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic species.\u00a0 It has been considered a subspecies of both Mallard and Hawaiian Duck, but this is certainly incorrect as neither of these is even its closest relative (thought to be Pacific Black Duck), and it is not especially similar to either of them.<\/p>

IUCN Red List Status: Critically Endangered<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

BirdLife International. 2018. Anas laysanensis<\/em>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018:<\/em> e.T22680203A130697270. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680203A130697270.en<\/a>. (Accessed June 9, 2020.)<\/p>

eBird. 2020. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed June 9, 2020.)<\/p>

Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>

Pratt, H.D. 1993. Enjoying Birds in Hawaii: A Birdfinding Guide to the Fiftieth State (Second Edition)<\/em>. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>

Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2 (January 1, 2017). http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Cindy Marple Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 After a close brush with extinction the early 1900s, the Laysan Duck fully recovered without direct intervention.\u00a0 Although formerly much more widespread, during its bottleneck the entire global population was confined to Laysan Island.\u00a0 Within its tiny, remote, mid-oceanic range\u2014which also includes Midway and Kure\u2014it is common. Laysan Duck Anas […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"off","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-species","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46868"}],"version-history":[{"count":75,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77669,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46868\/revisions\/77669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}