{"id":47571,"date":"2020-06-17T17:02:16","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T21:02:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=47571"},"modified":"2020-12-30T11:29:38","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T15:29:38","slug":"hawaiian-noddy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/hawaiian-noddy\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cHawaiian Noddy\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Dean LaTray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Linda Kavanaugh<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info <\/em><\/strong>\u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The Hawaiian endemic form of Black Noddy<\/strong><\/a> (or perhaps more likely a separate Hawaiian species) is locally common on each of the main islands.\u00a0 On Kauai, it is easy to find at Ha\u2019ena State Park<\/strong><\/a> and along the Na Pali Coast, but not consistently elsewhere, though it is fairly regular in the vicinity of Kawaiele State Waterbird Sanctuary and Hanapepe.\u00a0 On Oahu, Kawainui Regional Park is probably the most reliable site, and it can often be found at Makapu\u2019u Point, Ka\u2019ena Point, and James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge.\u00a0 On Maui, there are colonies at Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park<\/strong><\/a>, Ke\u2019anae<\/strong><\/a>, and the Oheo Gulch area of Haleakala National Park<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 On the Big Island, consistent sites include Pololu, South Point, and the Coastal Chain of Craters Road in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Anous minutus melanogenys<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Laridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Endemic to Hawaii.<\/strong>\u00a0 Resident along the coasts of the main Hawaiian Islands from Ni\u2019ihau to the Big Island.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, on a typical lava-cliff-ledge perch. \u00a0(Holei Sea Arch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; September 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Dean LaTray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeds year-round in small colonies on rocky cliffs and generally remains near breeding areas, feeding mainly in coastal waters.<\/p>

The global population has been estimated at approximately 2,000 pairs.\u00a0 Significant colonies are: (1) near Ni\u2019ihau, on Lehua Islet and Ka\u2019ula Rock; (2) along Kauai\u2019s Na Pali Coast; (3) on islets along the eastern coast of Oahu; (4) along the northwestern and northeastern coasts of Molokai; (5) along coasts of Kaho\u2019olawe; (6) along the eastern coast of Maui; and (7) at several sites along the eastern coast of the Big Island.<\/p>

It is also conceivable that some \u201cHawaiian Noddies\u201d breed on islets of the Northwestern Chain, as-yet unrecognized or mistaken for \u201cPacific Black Noddies,\u201d but this remains speculative.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Similar to other members of the Black Noddy complex, but somewhat shorter-billed, with more extensively pale-gray head and tail, browner wings, and typically orange feet.<\/p>

Adults usually appear mostly gray on the head, neck, rump, tail, with darker, blackish-brown wings and back.\u00a0 The wings appear more blackish when freshly molted and become browner with wear.<\/p>

The gray rump and tail often appear quite pale and differentiate \u201cHawaiian\u201d from other Black Noddy forms.<\/p>

The gray on the head is typically paler on the crown and nape, and gradually transitions to darker shades around the mantle and the sides of the neck.<\/p>

The feet are typically some shade of orange, sometimes dull but more often bright.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing vivid orange feet. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; August 12, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Pablo Pascual<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing pale due to the lighting, and showing typically orange feet. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; March 10, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Myron Gerhard<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing mostly pale-gray in this lighting. \u00a0(Holei Sea Arch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; September 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Dean LaTray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; November 2, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 John Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing vivid orange feet. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; January 22, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Hooper<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, with dark feet\u2014apparently a subadult. \u00a0(Holei Sea Arch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; September 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Dean LaTray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing similar to \u201cPacific Black Noddy\u201d\u2014but note pale feet partly visible underwater. \u00a0(Offshore from Kailua-Kona, Big Island, Hawaii; April 14, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Joshua Rudolph<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>. \u00a0(Whittington Beach Park, Big Island, Hawaii; March 16, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Laurens Halsey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>. \u00a0(Whittington Beach Park, Big Island, Hawaii; March 16, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Laurens Halsey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; March 27, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Sharif Uddin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing exceptionally pale on the tail and head. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; January 22, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Hooper<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>\u2014note the partly visible orange foot. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; July 4, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing strong contrast between blackish wings and pale-gray crown and tail. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; April 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Pang<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing mostly pale in this lighting, and showing mostly grayish underparts. \u00a0(Napili-Honokowai, Maui, Hawaii; March 6, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Maxwell Ramey<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing exceptionally pale in this lighting. \u00a0(Lihua Islet, Hawaii; April 17, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lizabeth Southworth<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing mostly grayish underparts, appearing especially pale due to the lighting. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; November 2, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 John Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing generally pale in this lighting, and showing mostly brown wings. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; January 22, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Hooper<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing mostly dark in this view, but note especially the pale tail, which is diagnostic. \u00a0(Kaulakahi Channel, Hawaii; April 3, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing strong contrast between brownish wings and pale-gray crown and tail. \u00a0(Holei Sea Arch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; September 4, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Dean LaTray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, with wings appearing blackish. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; November 2, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 John Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, with wings appearing blackish. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; April 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Pang<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, appearing mostly dark in this view, but note the pale tail, which is diagnostic. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; August 16, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nathan O\u2019Reilly<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, showing strong contrast between blackish wings and pale-gray hood and tail. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; April 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Michael Pang<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immature Plumages.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Immatures are darker than adults, blackish-brown overall with a partly whitish crown and dark feet.\u00a0 Unlike adults, their rumps and tails are typically concolor with the back.\u00a0 At some stages in their development, many immature \u201cHawaiians\u201d may be effectively indistinguishable from \u201cPacific Black Noddy\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (see below), which complicates analysis of the relationship between these forms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, juvenile\u2014essentially all-dark, including the crown and the feet. \u00a0(Kalalau Beach, Na Pali Coast State Park, Kauai, Hawaii; June 14, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Patrick J. Blake<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature, showing dark tail.\u00a0 (Kekaha Beach Park, Kauai, Hawaii; April 5, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Kekaha Beach Park, Kauai, Hawaii; April 5, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Kekaha Beach Park, Kauai, Hawaii; April 5, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature.\u00a0 (Kekaha Beach Park, Kauai, Hawaii; April 5, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; July 25, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Etienne Artigau<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, apparently an adult and a subadult\u2014based on its somewhat darker tail. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; July 4, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u201cHawaiian Noddy,\u201d A. m. melanogenys<\/em>, immature showing some white on the crown and a subtly pale tone on the tail. \u00a0(Coastal Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Big Island, Hawaii; July 4, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jacob Drucker<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. \u201cPacific Black Noddy\u201d<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The \u201cHawaiian Noddy\u201d is generally considered a subspecies of Black Noddy, but it seems likely to be recognized as a separate species eventually.\u00a0 Adult \u201cHawaiian\u201d has distinctive features that differentiate it from the \u201cPacific Black Noddies\u201d that sometimes occur with it\u2014certainly around Ni\u2019ihau, and possibly elsewhere in the main Hawaiian Islands.\u00a0 However, immature \u201cHawaiian\u201d typically lacks the distinctive features of adults and in some cases may not be reliably differentiated from \u201cPacific Black\u201d, so even well-documented photographic records of the latter in the main Hawaiian Islands are difficult to evaluate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tail Color:<\/u>\u00a0 Most distinctively, \u201cHawaiian\u201d has a gray (often pale gray) rump and tail that contrast with the darker back and belly.\u00a0 In almost all cases, \u201cPacific Black\u201d has a blackish rump and tail that are concolor with the back and belly.\u00a0 In some instances, \u201cPacific Black\u201d may show a slightly paler rump and tail, but this is atypical and would rarely approach the contrast in \u201cHawaiian\u2019s\u201d coloration.<\/p>

Head Color:<\/u>\u00a0 \u201cHawaiian\u201d usually has a gray hood that is palest on the crown and gradually blends to darker shades, whereas \u201cPacific Black\u201d has a white crown that contrasts boldly with its otherwise much darker plumage.\u00a0 This distinction is somewhat less reliable than the tail, however, because young \u201cHawaiians\u201d have a more contrasty crown\u2014roughly the same as typical \u201cPacific Blacks.\u201d \u00a0In addition, some \u201cPacific Blacks\u201d seem to show less contrast than most and could be mistaken for \u201cHawaiians.\u201d<\/p>

Foot Color:<\/u>\u00a0 \u201cHawaiian\u201d typically has orange feet; \u201cPacific Black\u201d typically has black feet; but there are many exceptions.\u00a0 Young \u201cHawaiians\u201d have black or dark-brown feet and some adults may have very dull-looking feet.\u00a0 More confusingly, however, some \u201cPacific Blacks\u201d (at least in some South Pacific populations far away from Hawaii) have variably paler, often orange feet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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An apparent \u201cPacific Black Noddy,\u201d A. m. marcusi<\/em> (or possibly a subadult \u201cHawaiian\u201d) in a \u201cHawaiian Noddy\u201d breeding colony\u2014note the dark feet and strongly contrasting white crown compared to the orange feet and pale-gray hood of the adult \u201cHawaiian\u201d below it. \u00a0(Wai\u2019anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii; May 24, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nancy Christensen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immatures:<\/u>\u00a0 Immature \u201cHawaiian\u201d is\u00a0essentially all-dark and is easily mistaken for \u201cPacific Black.\u201d\u00a0 Converse to the adult comparison, juvenile \u201cHawaiian\u201d is more uniformly blackish than juvenile \u201cPacific Black\u201d because \u201cHawaiian\u201d typically begins with a dark crown whereas \u201cPacific Black\u201d typically begins with a white crown.\u00a0 As they mature, \u201cHawaiians\u201d become paler on the crown, elsewhere on the head and neck, and on the rump and tail\u2014at one or more stages of this progression, they may be difficult or impossible to differentiate from \u201cPacific Black.\u201d<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Lesser Noddy<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The ranges of \u201cHawaiian\u201d and Lesser Noddies are far enough removed from one another that there is little potential for overlap.\u00a0 However, either of them could stray and if encountered in neutral territory out of their usual contexts they could easily be mistaken for one another.<\/p>

Lesser has a proportionately longer bill than \u201cHawaiian\u201d, and its feet are usually blackish whereas \u201cHawaiian\u2019s\u201d are usually some shade of orange.\u00a0 The two have similar head coloration but slightly different patterns, as Lesser typically has pale lores\u2014which are noticeable at a distance as Lesser\u2019s eye appears as an isolated dark patch on a mostly pale face.<\/p>

\u201cHawaiian\u2019s\u201d rump and tail typically appear pale-gray (often whitish), whereas Lesser\u2019s rump and tail typically appear black or blackish-brown.\u00a0 However, this feature, while distinctive on most \u201cHawaiians\u201d, is somewhat inconsistent so some individuals may be intermediate.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic form, one of three distinct forms of Black Noddy<\/strong> (A. <\/em>minutus<\/em>)<\/a>, along with \u201cPacific Black\u201d<\/strong> (minutus<\/em>)<\/a>, and \u201cAtlantic Black\u201d<\/strong> (americanus<\/em>)<\/a>, all potentially classifiable as separate species.<\/p>

A fourth form, the Lesser Noddy<\/strong> (A. <\/em>tenuirostris<\/em>)<\/a>, was traditionally regarded as conspecific (with all four forms together known collectively as either Black, White-capped, or Lesser Noddy, A. <\/em>tenuirostris<\/em>) but is generally acknowledged to be a separate species\u2014as it is visually distinctive and apparently breeds alongside \u201cPacific Black Noddy\u201d at Ashmore Reef without interbreeding.<\/p>

Howell and Zufelt (2019) recognize each of the four forms as separate species.\u00a0 In addition to Lesser, it seems appropriate to classify \u201cHawaiian\u201d as separate based on factors that include pronounced differences in plumage, leg color, and bill length, and their persistence as recognizably distinct despite overlapping ranges.<\/p>

Assuming that both Lesser and \u201cHawaiian\u201d are ultimately recognized as separate species, biogeographic logic would tend to imply that the other two forms, \u201cAtlantic Black\u201d and \u201cPacific Black\u201d, should be presumptively separate as well\u2014although they are very similar and might not be reliably distinguishable.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

eBird. 2020. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed June 17, 2020.)<\/p>

Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Howell, S.N.G., and K. Zufelt. 2019. Oceanic Birds of the World.<\/em> Princeton University Press.<\/p>

Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. 1987. A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific<\/em>. Princeton University Press.<\/p>

Pratt, H.D. 1993. Enjoying Birds in Hawaii: A Birdfinding Guide to the Fiftieth State (Second Edition)<\/em>. Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>

Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status<\/em>. Version 2 (January 1, 2017). http:\/\/hbs.bishopmuseum.org\/birds\/rlp-monograph\/<\/a>. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Dean LaTray \u00a9 Linda Kavanaugh Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 The Hawaiian endemic form of Black Noddy (or perhaps more likely a separate Hawaiian species) is locally common on each of the main islands.\u00a0 On Kauai, it is easy to find at Ha\u2019ena State Park and along the Na Pali Coast, but not consistently elsewhere, though it 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