{"id":76658,"date":"2021-02-15T13:56:31","date_gmt":"2021-02-15T17:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.birdfinding.info\/?p=76658"},"modified":"2021-02-17T22:30:26","modified_gmt":"2021-02-18T02:30:26","slug":"red-legged-kittiwake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/red-legged-kittiwake\/","title":{"rendered":"Red-legged Kittiwake"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Birdfinding.info <\/em><\/strong>\u21d2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Locally common in its remote Beringean range. \u00a0The most accessible place where it can be found reliably is St. Paul Island, where it occurs year-round.\u00a0 Also present, but less reliable, year-round in waters around Dutch Harbor. \u00a0From fall to spring, it is rare but regular in waters along the Alaska Peninsula and east to offshore waters south of the Kenai Peninsula.\u00a0 In Japan, there have been many records, often flocks, of juveniles in waters around Hokkaido from September to November.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Rissa brevirostris<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Family: Laridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeds on islands of the Bering Sea and disperses locally and into the North Pacific Ocean.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Xeno-Canto 2021<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Breeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Breeds from May to September in colonies on cliff ledges in the Pribilof, Commander, Aleutian, and St. Matthew Islands.<\/p>

About 80% of the world population nests in the Pribilofs, with about 120,000 pairs on St. George, 700 on St. Paul, and 90 on Otter.<\/p>

The Commander Islands\u2014Arij Kamen, Toporkov, Bering, and Mednyi\u2014together support about 16,000 pairs, with the vast majority on Bering Island.<\/p>

In the Aleutians: Buldir and adjacent islets support about 4,300 pairs; Bogoslof and nearby Fire Island have about 450 pairs; and there are small outpost colonies (<10 pairs each) known from Amak, Unalga, Koniuji and Chagulak Islands.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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St. Matthew supports colonies that seem likely to number in the hundreds of pairs, but as of 2021 apparently had not been thoroughly surveyed.<\/p>

Nonbreeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Disperses throughout the Bering Sea, mostly to the northern and western portions, according to geolocator tracking.<\/p>

Smaller numbers winter along the Kurile Islands (and rarely to Hokkaido, mainly in fall), into the Sea of Okhotsk, in the North Pacific along the Aleutians, and sparingly east into the western and central Gulf Alaska.<\/p>

Occasionally recorded as a vagrant along the western coast of North America from British Columbia to Oregon.<\/p>

Exceptional vagrants have been recorded from: Forty Mile, Yukon Territory (October); Las Vegas, Nevada (July 3, 1977); Marin County, California (February 13, 2001); and Anaheim, California (February 28, 1996).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

A small gull that strongly resembles its much more familiar and widespread relative, the Black-legged Kittiwake<\/strong><\/a>: both have all-yellow bills and evenly black wing-tips.\u00a0 On the spread wing, the black area can appear so crisply defined that it seems to have been dipped in ink.<\/p>

Adult Red-legged differs most noticeably from Black-legged in having vivid, coral-red legs.\u00a0 Red-legged also has a much shorter bill, slightly darker gray mantle, and much darker underwings.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 25, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 22, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephan Lorenz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; August 11, 2008.) \u00a0\u00a9 Scott Schuette<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; September 2, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cynthia Berg<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; September 3, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Luke Seitz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 14, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; September 17, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Victor Stoll<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (Ari Karmen Rock, Commander Islands, Russia; June 29, 2017.) \u00a0\u00a9 Jeff Bleam<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 28, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephan Lorenz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 28, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephan Lorenz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 12, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (Kalsin Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska; June 25, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Richard MacIntosh<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (Deep Bay, British Columbia; September 27, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Mark Wynja<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, showing vividly coral-red tongue.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 24, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 7, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Scott Schuette<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 29, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 24, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 24, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 5, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 24, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; May 24, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Nigel Voaden<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 8, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 25, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cory Gregory<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 21, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Sam Woods<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 28, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stephan Lorenz<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; August 15, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kathie O\u2019Neal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 5, 2015.) \u00a0\u00a9 Eric VanderWerf<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 12, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 12, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 7, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 1, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Doug Gochfeld<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (Offshore west of St. Paul Island, Alaska; August 21, 2018.) \u00a0\u00a9 Zak Pohlen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (East of Shemya Island, Alaska; May 13, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Isaac Helmericks<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 16, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Immature Plumages.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Juveniles have black legs, a black auricular mark, a thin blackish partial collar, extensively black primaries, and a largely white wedge on the trailing edge of the wing.\u00a0 Unlike other small gulls, juveniles do not have a black tail tip.<\/p>

Within a few months the legs turn pale, then pinkish, then red.<\/p>

First-summer birds have essentially adult-like plumage, but usually retain the blackish auricular mark, have more extensive black on the outer primaries, and sometimes a dark tip on the mostly yellowish bill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; September 11, 2019.) \u00a0\u00a9 Tammy McQuade<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, first-summer subadult.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; July 14, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juveniles.\u00a0 (Hamanaka, Hokkaido, Japan; September 26, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stuart Price<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (Hamanaka, Hokkaido, Japan; September 26, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stuart Price<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; August 27, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (Offshore from Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan; October 13, 2010.) \u00a0\u00a9 Kouta Kurasawa<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (Hamanaka, Hokkaido, Japan; September 26, 2020.) \u00a0\u00a9 Stuart Price<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, juvenile.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; August 27, 2012.) \u00a0\u00a9 Ryan O\u2019Donnell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, first-summer subadult showing mostly juvenile-type plumage.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Red-legged Kittiwake, first-summer subadult showing mostly juvenile-type plumage.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 6, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Black-legged Kittiwake<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Red-legged and Black-legged Kittiwakes are similar, closely related species, which occur together throughout Red-legged\u2019s range.\u00a0 Adult leg color is the most obvious difference, but not always visible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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In flight, adult Red-legged can be distinguished at long range by its darker gray mantle and mostly gray undersides of the flight feathers\u2014which are mostly white on Black-legged.\u00a0 Red-legged also has more extensive black on the leading edge of the primaries.<\/p>

If only the head can be seen well, Red-legged can be distinguished by its much shorter bill and sometimes by the apparent size or shape of its head, which often appears disproportionately large, at least in comparison to its short bill.<\/p>

Immature Red-legged differs from immature Black-legged in that it never shows a black tail tip and does not develop a full black \u201cM\u201d on the upperparts\u2014on Red-legged, the black is always limited to the primaries.\u00a0 Note that juvenile Red-legged has black legs, so leg color becomes a reliable distinction during the first winter as Red-legged\u2019s legs turn pale, then, pink, then red.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Black-legged Kittiwakes with two Red-legged in foreground and one in flight in the background\u2014note Red-legged\u2019s darker gray mantle and short bill.\u00a0 (St. Paul Island, Alaska; June 7, 2016.) \u00a0\u00a9 Lars Petersson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Immature Sabine\u2019s Gull<\/a>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Immature Red-legged Kittiwake has a wide white triangle on the trailing edge of its upperwing, much like the white triangle on Sabine\u2019s Gull\u2019s upperwing.\u00a0 The kittiwake plumages that have this triangle have much less black on their primaries than all plumages of Sabine\u2019s have.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cf. Immature Ross\u2019s Gull.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Immature Red-legged Kittiwake and Ross\u2019s Gull can show approximately the same plumage pattern, including a thin black collar, and both have short black bills and variably pinkish legs.\u00a0 At most stages when their plumages are similar, Ross\u2019s Gull has a complete black \u201cM\u201d on the upperparts\u2014whereas on Red-legged, the black is always limited to the primaries.\u00a0 Ross\u2019s also differs in having a longer, wedge-shaped tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Monotypic species.<\/p>

IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

Alderfer, J., and J.L. Dunn. 2014. National Geographic Complete Birds of North America (Second Edition)<\/em>. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C.<\/p>

BirdLife International. 2018. Rissa brevirostris<\/em>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018:<\/em> e.T22694502A132557429. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694502A132557429.en<\/a>. (Accessed February 15, 2021.)<\/p>

eBird. 2021. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed February 15, 2021.)<\/p>

Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds: An Identification Guide<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Howell, S.N.G., and J.L. Dunn. 2007. Gulls of the Americas<\/em>. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.<\/p>

Sibley, D.A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds<\/em>. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.<\/p>

Xeno-Canto. 2021. Red-legged Kittiwake \u2013 Rissa brevirostris<\/em>. https:\/\/www.xeno-canto.org\/species\/Rissa-brevirostris<\/a>. (Accessed February 15, 2021.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a9 Lars Petersson \u00a9 Nigel Voaden Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Locally common in its remote Beringean range. \u00a0The most accessible place where it can be found reliably is St. Paul Island, where it occurs year-round.\u00a0 Also present, but less reliable, year-round in waters around Dutch Harbor. \u00a0From fall to spring, it is rare but regular in waters 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