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\u00a9 Jack and Shirley Foreman<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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https:\/\/birdfinding.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/XC353341-BroadWingedHawk_Colombia_121616_call.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a9 Ross Gallardy<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0<\/em><\/strong> Fairly common across much of its large range.\u00a0 Breeds and winters mainly in forests.\u00a0 During migration, it can be seen in large flocks at concentration points along the Great Lakes, in the Appalachians, and along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Veracruz, where daily counts in early October can reach into the hundreds of thousands.<\/p>

Additional topics in Notes<\/strong><\/span>, below:<\/p>

1. Broad-winged Hawk Migration Spectacle: Hawk-watching Sites.<\/em><\/p>

2. Internal Taxonomy of<\/em> Buteo platypterus.<\/p>

3. Ongoing Colonization of the Lesser Antilles by Continental Broad-winged Hawks.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Broad-winged Hawk<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Buteo platypterus<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Family: Accipitridae<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Breeds in central and eastern North America.\u00a0 Winters in Middle and South America.\u00a0 Resident populations in the West Indies.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9 NatureServe 2007<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Breeding.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Deciduous and mixed forests across Canada from northeastern British Columbia and southwestern Northwest Territories east to Nova Scotia and south through the eastern U.S. to the Gulf Coast from eastern Texas to northern Florida.\u00a0 Uncommon west of Manitoba.<\/p>
Nonbreeding.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Winters in humid foothill and mountain forests from southwestern Mexico to Belize and southward through Central America and the Andes to central Bolivia, and east to the coastal ranges of Venezuela.<\/p>
Small numbers winter irregularly in various areas outside the main wintering grounds: e.g., southern California, southern Baja California, peninsular Florida, Cuba, Trinidad, south in the Andes to northern Argentina, and locally across much of northern and central South America, including the Guianas, the Tepui region, and Amazonia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Movements.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Northbound and southbound movements are highly synchronized, as flocks form along travel corridors\u2014most notably the Appalachians in late August and September\u2014then concentrate in huge flocks that funnel through Middle America.\u00a0 The largest concentrations, numbering in the hundreds of thousands, gather in Veracruz, Mexico, in early to mid-October.<\/p>
Much smaller numbers follow the Rockies, other western mountain ranges, and the Pacific Coast of North America.<\/p>
In fall, stray flocks of juveniles sometimes follow the Florida coast southward and cross to Cuba.\u00a0 In spring, the inverse phenomenon has been observed in the southeastern Caribbean, as stray flocks apparently follow Venezuela\u2019s Paria Peninsula to Trinidad, then continue north to Tobago and sometimes farther into the Lesser Antilles.\u00a0 (These occasional deviations evidently indicate the origins of the resident West Indian populations.)<\/p>
West Indies.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Resident in four disjunct areas of the West Indies: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Antigua, and the Lesser Antilles from Dominica to Tobago.<\/p>
On Cuba, cubanensis<\/em> is resident the length of the island, mainly in mountain forests and the Zapata Swamp area.<\/p>
\u201cPuerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (brunnescens<\/em>) is rare and local, found mainly in the wet forest of the northwestern haystack hills around R\u00edo Abajo State Forest, and in smaller numbers in the Sierra de Luquillo and Sierra de Cayey.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk Range Map Generated from eBird Basic Dataset 2015.\u00a0 \u00a9 Imagesincommons<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cAntiguan Broad-winged Hawk\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (insulicola<\/em>) occupies all terrestrial habitats on Antigua\u2014not limited to forests.<\/p>
In the Lesser Antilles, rivierei<\/em> is resident on Dominica, Martinique, and St. Lucia, and antillarum<\/em> is resident on St. Vincent, the larger Grenadines, Grenada, and Tobago\u2014and possibly also becoming established as a breeding resident on Trinidad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Identification<\/strong><\/span><\/p>
Highly variable and often indistinctly marked, but usually recognizable by a combination of size, shape, location, and habits.\u00a0 One of the smallest Buteo<\/em>s in length, but stocky and proportionately large-winged.<\/p>
More readily identified in flight than at rest because its underwing and tail patterns are more consistent than its body plumage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>.\u00a0 (R\u00edo Blanco, Colombia; February 3, 2011.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 GYROLA2011<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>.\u00a0 (Punto Pati\u00f1o, Darien, Panama; January 25, 2004.)\u00a0 \u00a9 R.S. Scanlon<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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In Flight.\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Seen from below, the wings are mostly pale with blackish margins on the tips and trailing edge.\u00a0 Several other Buteos also show a dark border on the wings, but on Broad-winged the contrast between the dark border and otherwise pale underwings is distinctive.\u00a0\u00a0The tail is banded dark and light\u2014appearing black and white in strong light, with a prominent broad black subterminal band, and narrower bands toward the base of the tail.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. platypterys<\/em>.\u00a0 (Progreso Lakes, Texas; March 26, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9\u00a0Dan Jones<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. antillarum<\/em>.\u00a0 (Cuffie River Nature Retreat, Tobago; February 16, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Robert Bochenek<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. rivierei<\/em>, showing weakly contrasting borders on the wings.\u00a0 (Morne Diablotin National Park, Dominica; March 3, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brian Sullivan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The immature\u2019s wings generally resemble adult\u2019s\u2014mostly pale with dark borders\u2014but the the dark trailing edge is often narrow or indistinct.<\/p>
The immature\u2019s tail has a single prominent blackish subterminal band, and is otherwise finely barred.<\/p>
(In the photos, also note the prominence of the immatures\u2019 pale throat and the bold streaks and spots on the neck and breast.)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (Hawk Hill, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Marin County, California; October 2, 2015.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Paul Fenwick<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile. Tadoussac, Quebec; September 10, 2012.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Samuel Denault<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Adult Plumages.<\/strong><\/em> The underparts vary widely in color, tone, and pattern.\u00a0 Most individuals are distinctly darker on the chest.<\/p>
Many show strong contrast between a mostly solid-colored chest and a much paler midsection and belly.\u00a0 Others are more evenly barred throughout the underparts, with a gradient from darker to paler\u2014from denser to sparser barring.<\/p>
The barring is usually rusty or medium-brown, but can also be sandy-brown, grayish, or chestnut.<\/p>
A very rare black morph is essentially coal-black above and below.\u00a0 This variant is easily misidentifed as one of the Neotropical species, such as Zone-tailed or Short-tailed Hawks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with strong contrast between mostly solid rusty chest and barred lower breast.\u00a0 (Biche, Trinidad;\u00a0January 3, 2016)\u00a0 \u00a9 Wendell S.J. Reyes<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with medium-brown underparts.\u00a0 (Blanchisseuse Road, Trinidad; November 20, 2017.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Jim Sweeney<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with gray-brown underparts.\u00a0 (Hawkeye Wildlife Management Area; Iowa;\u00a0April 26, 2013.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Brandon Caswell<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with pale, sparsely barred underparts.\u00a0 (Battle Creek Park, St. Paul, Minnesota; May 29, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Bob Dunlap<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with deep rufous underparts.\u00a0 (Paramin, Trinidad;\u00a0December 8, 2013)\u00a0 \u00a9 Feroze Omardeen<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, black morph.\u00a0 (Southwest Minnesota State University, Marshall, Minnesota;\u00a0April 20, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Garrett Wee<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The upperparts are usually medium-brown, but vary from dark brown to pale brown.\u00a0 Dappled with large dark spots that are especially prominent on pale individuals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with typical medium-brown upperparts.\u00a0 (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia; April 26, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Alix d\u2019Entremont<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with pale-brown upperparts.\u00a0 (Johnson Sauk Trail State Park, Illinois;\u00a0April 14, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Stephen Hager<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, with gray-brown upperparts.\u00a0 (Rudement, Illinois;\u00a0April 15, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Cathy DeNeal<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. cubanensis<\/em>, with pale upperparts and blackish spots.\u00a0 (Valle de Anc\u00f3n, Pinar del R\u00edo, Cuba; March 20, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Allan Hopkins<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The West Indian subspecies generally fit within the range of variation that occurs on the continent, but the populations on each island tend to have predominant characteristics.<\/p>
On Cuba, cubanensis<\/em> typically has rusty underparts and bold barring on the flanks.\u00a0 This pattern is also common on the continent but seems more predominant on Cuba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. cubanensis<\/em>.\u00a0 (Sendero Murmurios del R\u00edo, Pinar del R\u00edo, Cuba; December 23, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Fabio Olmos<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. cubanensis<\/em>.\u00a0 (Valle de Anc\u00f3n, Pinar del R\u00edo, Cuba; March 20, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Allan Hopkins<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cPuerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (brunnescens<\/em>) is the darkest subspecies.\u00a0 Its underparts are typically a mix of reddish brown and cream color\u2014not white.\u00a0 The upper breast is mostly dark with a few pale spots.\u00a0 The lower breast and belly are evenly barred.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cPuerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk,\u201d P. b. brunnescens<\/em>, adult and nestling.\u00a0\u00a0U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cPuerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk,\u201d P. b. brunnescens<\/em>.\u00a0 El Yunque National Forest<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cAntiguan Broad-winged Hawk\u201d<\/strong><\/a> (insulicola<\/em>) is the palest and smallest subspecies\u2014about 10% smaller than the continental subspecies.\u00a0 Adults tend to retain markings typical of the immature plumages of other forms: spotted underparts and a distinct whisker streak.<\/p>
It is Antigua\u2019s only regularly occurring hawk, so identification is usually straightforward.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cAntiguan Broad-winged Hawk,\u201d B. p. insulicola<\/em>.\u00a0 (Sir Viv Richards Stadium, Antigua; May 15, 2011.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Steve Ray<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u201cAntiguan Broad-winged Hawk,\u201d B. p. insulicola<\/em>. \u00a0(St. Paul, Antigua; August 16, 2013.) \u00a0\u00a9 Cesar Castillo<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The Lesser Antillean subspecies\u00a0(rivierei<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0antillarum<\/em>) show a tendency to develop atypical plumages\u2014apparently an artifact of historical inbreeding.\u00a0 These populations apparently receive occasional influxes of continental birds that mistakenly migrate north over the ocean from Venezuela or Trinidad, so it is unlikely that they have diverged significantly from the continental subspecies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. rivierei<\/em>, an unusually rufous individual.\u00a0 (Syndicate, Dominica; December 21, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Thomas Brooks<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. rivierei<\/em>, an unusually dark-hooded individual.\u00a0 (Dauphin, St. Lucia; April 10, 2017.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Frantz Delcroix<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u201d B. p. antillarum<\/em>.\u00a0 (Kingstown, St. Vincent; January 29, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Noam Markus<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Immature Plumages.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/em>Immature Broad-winged Hawks are mostly dark brown above, usually with a paler head, pale eyebrow, and prominent dark whisker mark.<\/p>
Unlike the adult, the upperside of the immature\u2019s tail is mostly brown, with a single dark subterminal band and several indistinct narrow bands.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (El \u00c1vila National Park, Venezuela; December 2, 2017.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Margareta Wieser<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. cubanensis<\/em>, juvenile with an unusually pale head.\u00a0 (Playa Larga, Matanzas, Cuba; October 2010.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Lo\u00efc Epelboin<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. rivierei<\/em>, juvenile with unusually buffy underparts.\u00a0 (Pr\u00eacheur, Martinique; June 2007.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Vincent Lemoine<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile, showing dark subterminal band on upperside of tail.\u00a0 (Cueva del Guacharo National Park, Monagas, Venezuela; January 9, 2012.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 Jay McGowan<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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The immature\u2019s underparts are mostly whitish with bold blotches or streaks that are dense on the sides of the chest\u2014and often on the midsection, forming a breastband (note the potential for confusion with Red-tailed Hawk).\u00a0 The throat is unmarked between the strong whisker marks, extending down to the center of the chest: a pale bib framed by bold streaks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (Cerli Bay, Trinidad; January 1, 2015.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Nigel Lallsingh<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba; September 13, 2016.)\u00a0 \u00a9 France Desbiens<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk,\u00a0B. p. platypterus<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (Evergreen Cemetery, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; March 4, 2018.)\u00a0 \u00a9 Meghan Pearson<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Broad-winged Hawk, B. p. cubanensis<\/em>, juvenile.\u00a0 (Soroa, Sierra del Rosario Biosphere Reserve, Artemisa, Cuba; March 23, 2017.)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a9 R. Dennis Ringer<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVoice.<\/em><\/strong> Call, commonly given on both breeding and wintering grounds, consists of a sharp squeak followed by a long, plaintive, high-pitched whistle:\u00a0\u00a0<\/iframe>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da43277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da43277\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ab639\" data-id=\"70ab639\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e701b49 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e701b49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5baa86b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5baa86b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-608b3e00\" data-id=\"608b3e00\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43a2ec07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43a2ec07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>Cf. Immature Red-shouldered Hawk<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Broad-winged and Red-shouldered Hawks overlap widely across much of their ranges and juveniles of the two species are easily confused with one another.\u00a0\u00a0In most cases, they are distinguishable based on differences in the patterns of streaks on the throat, neck, and chest.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Broad-winged:<\/span> Immature typically has bold streaks that are densest from the whisker down along the sides of the neck to the sides of the chest, with a prominent pale, mostly unmarked area in between, from the throat to the center of the chest.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Red-shouldered:<\/span> Immature typically has fine streaks that are fairly evenly distributed across the neck and chest.\u00a0 The density of the streaks varies.\u00a0 On heavily streaked individuals, the throat, neck, and chest are almost entirely dark.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ff0425 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ff0425\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6210619\" data-id=\"6210619\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9378c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9378c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Polytypic species consisting of six recognized subspecies, two of which are divergent, distinct forms: \u201cPuerto Rican\u201d (<em>brunnescens<\/em>) and \u201cAntiguan\u201d (<em>insulicola<\/em>).\u00a0 (See notes on internal taxonomy, below.)<\/p><p><strong>Additional Topics Below:<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>1. Broad-winged Hawk Migration Spectacle: Hawk-watching Sites.<\/em><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>2. Internal Taxonomy of<\/em> Buteo platypterus.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>3. Ongoing Colonization of the Lesser Antilles by Continental Broad-winged Hawks.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b008723 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b008723\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-426f5b5\" data-id=\"426f5b5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f59b0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"12f59b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90ee718 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90ee718\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6599ba4\" data-id=\"6599ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c38ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65c38ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>1. Broad-winged Hawk Migration Spectacle: Hawk-watching Sites.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ezlink.ca\/~thebrowns\/HawkCliff\/index.htm\">Hawk Cliff<\/a>, Port Stanley, Ontario (mid-September)<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hawkmountain.org\">Hawk Mountain Sanctuary<\/a>, Pennsylvania (mid-September)<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gcbo.org\/avian-research-and-monitoring\/smith-point-hawk-watch\/\">Smith Point<\/a>, Chambers County, Texas<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccbirding.com\/thw\/hb.html\">Hazel Bazemore County Park<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.visitcorpuschristitx.org\/trip-ideas\/must-see\/7-facts-on-why-corpus-christi-has-the-best-hawkwatch\/\">Corpus Christi<\/a>, Texas<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Cardel, Veracruz (early October)<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Panama Canal (mid-April)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf61ae6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf61ae6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc34f68\" data-id=\"bc34f68\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50e256 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b50e256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ac4eae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ac4eae\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8edc287\" data-id=\"8edc287\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dda73a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1dda73a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>2. Internal Taxonomy of <\/em>Buteo platypterus<em>.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/p><p>The Clements checklist and some other authoritative sources recognize two distinct forms of Broad-winged Hawk, \u201cNorthern\u201d and \u201cCaribbean.\u201d\u00a0 This classification must be incorrect as it appears to rely on an unstated assumption that the West Indian resident subspecies are relicts of a formerly pan-Caribbean distribution, but the evidence does not support this.\u00a0 Instead, the several West Indian resident subspecies (<em>cubanensis<\/em> on Cuba, <em>brunnescens<\/em> on Puerto Rico, <em>insulicola<\/em> on Antigua, <em>rivierei<\/em> on Dominica, Martinique, and St. Lucia, and <em>antillarum<\/em> from St. Vincent to Tobago) appear to represent multiple independent offshoots from the migratory continental stock, and therefore do not form a single taxonomic unit.<\/p><p>Considering the peculiar distribution of West Indian Broad-winged Hawk populations in relation to the migration patterns of the continental subspecies, it seems clear that each of the island populations likely had a unique, independent origin.\u00a0 In the west, Cuba is a natural backstop to catch lost southbound migrants, and in the east, the Lesser Antilles are well positioned to receive lost northbound migrants.<\/p><p>The islands that have resident populations are separated by large gaps, isolated from one another.\u00a0 Between Cuba and Puerto Rico lies the largest chunk of potential hawk habitat in the West Indies (i.e., Hispaniola), unoccupied.\u00a0 Puerto Rico and Antigua are separated by a large expanse of non-habitat: 200 miles of ocean with a few small scattered islands.\u00a0 Finally, between Antigua and Dominica, the apparently habitable island of Guadeloupe sits unoccupied.<\/p><p>Based on their locations and recorded observations, both the Cuban and Lesser Antillean populations likely continue to receive infusions of continental migrants.\u00a0 Southbound migrants reach Cuba annually, sometimes in large flocks.\u00a0 Conversely, flocks of northbound migrants are sometimes observed in the Lesser Antilles, principally on Tobago, but at least once on Dominica as well (see notes\u00a0below on ongoing colonization of the Lesser Antilles).<\/p><p>In contrast, the \u201cPuerto Rican\u201d and \u201cAntiguan\u201d subspecies appear to be truly\u00a0isolated\u2014both from each other and from the other West Indian populations\u2014and therefore have a much lower likelihood of contact and gene flow, providing the conditions for speciation.\u00a0 It is probably not coincidental that these two subspecies are also the most distinctive visually and ecologically.\u00a0 \u201cPuerto Rican\u201d is the darkest subspecies and occurs exclusively in rain forest.\u00a0 \u201cAntiguan\u201d is the palest, smallest, and least forest-associated subspecies.<\/p><p>To the extent that some degree of Caribbean speciation is recognized within <em>Buteo platypterus<\/em>, it appears to be significantly more advanced on Puerto Rico and Antigua\u00a0than on Cuba and the Lesser Antilles.\u00a0 The evidence and reasonable inferences suggest that each island populations is its own phylogenetic branch, independently linked to the continental trunk, and that the more isolated Puerto Rican and Antiguan subspecies have each diverged more significantly than the less isolated Cuban and Lesser Antillean subspecies\u2014so we recognize the \u201cPuerto Rican\u201d and \u201cAntiguan\u201d subspecies as distinct forms.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d0b1b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d0b1b8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-412e122\" data-id=\"412e122\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca390 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5bca390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0fc63ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0fc63ce\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-272c8bc\" data-id=\"272c8bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57983e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57983e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>3. Ongoing Colonization of the Lesser Antilles by Continental Broad-winged Hawks.<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>There is evidence that the Lesser Antillean populations of Broad-winged Hawk are occasionally supplemented with northbound migrants from continental populations that follow Venezuela\u2019s Paria Peninsula then cross to Trinidad and continue oversea, jumping from island to island.\u00a0 Migrating flocks have been observed at both ends of the Broadwing\u2019s Lesser Antillean range, on Tobago and Dominica.<\/p><p>Gus van Vliet writes on eBird (<a href=\"https:\/\/ebird.org\/view\/checklist\/S26387181\">https:\/\/ebird.org\/view\/checklist\/S26387181<\/a>) regarding a sighting from April 6, 1975:<\/p><blockquote><p>\u201cWithout a doubt, the most unusual sighting that I made during my 5-month stay in Dominica. I observed a kettle of 125-150 BWHA soaring at mid-day above the Hampstead River valley rainforest. \u00a0Clearly, these birds were migrants and not residents. \u00a0The birds were identified by their size and tail pattern, eliminating potential Swainson\u2019s Hawks.\u00a0 As far as I know, at the time of this observation there was no hint of BWHA migration through the Lesser Antilles. \u00a0However, subsequent comparable spring sightings of 100\u2019s of BWHA\u2019s have been observed from southwest Tobago (~500 km south of Dominica) by Martyn Kenefick during 23-24 March 2001: (<a href=\"http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18771414\">http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18771414<\/a>; <a href=\"http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18771433\">http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18771433<\/a>) and then again seven years later on 22 March 2008 (<a href=\"http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18783526\">http:\/\/ebird.org\/ebird\/view\/checklist\/S18783526<\/a>).\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><p>These disoriented migrants were unlikely to reach their North American breeding grounds and presumably illustrate the origin of the Lesser Antillean resident populations.\u00a0 Its habit of migrating in large flocks suits the Broad-winged Hawk to episodic colonization of new outposts.\u00a0 It seems probable that some of these disoriented birds remain and join the local resident populations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0dc387a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0dc387a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67c184d\" data-id=\"67c184d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13c3e0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13c3e0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Ascanio, D., G.A. Rodriguez, and R. Restall. 2017. <em>Birds of Venezuela<\/em>. Christopher Helm, London.<\/p><p>eBird. 2018. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, N.Y. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebird.org\">http:\/\/www.ebird.org<\/a>. (Accessed September 29, 2018.)<\/p><p>Ferguson-Lees, J., and D.A. Christie. 2001. <em>Raptors of the World<\/em>. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.<\/p><p>ffrench, R. 2012. <em>A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad & Tobago (Third Edition)<\/em>. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.<\/p><p>Garrido, O.H., and A. Kirkconnell. 2000. <em>Field Guide to the Birds of Cuba<\/em>. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.<\/p><p>Global Raptor Information Network. 2018. Species account: Broad-winged Hawk: <em>Buteo platypterus<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalraptors.org\">http:\/\/www.globalraptors.org<\/a>. (Posted January 12, 2011; accessed September 29, 2018.)<\/p><p>Latta, S., C. Rimmer, A. Keith, J. Wiley, H. Raffaele, K. McFarland, and E. Fernandez. 2006. <em>Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Lindsay, K.C., and J. Bacle. 2010. Ecological Characterization of the Body Ponds Watershed (report to Environmental Tourism Consulting). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/EcologicalCharacterizationBodyPondsWatershedAntigua_Lindsay_2010.pdf\">http:\/\/www.irf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/EcologicalCharacterizationBodyPondsWatershedAntigua_Lindsay_2010.pdf<\/a>.<\/p><p>McMullan, M., and T. Donegan. 2014, <em>Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia (Second Edition)<\/em>. Fundaci\u00f3n Proaves de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1.<\/p><p>Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. <em>A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Ridgely, R.S., and P.J. Greenfield. 2001. <em>The Birds of Ecuador, Volume II: Field Guide<\/em>. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.<\/p><p>Ridgely, R.S., and J.A. Gwynne. 1989. <em>A Guide to the Birds of Panama (Second Edition)<\/em>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.<\/p><p>Riesing, M.J., L. Kruckenhauser, A. Gamauf, and E. Haring. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of the genus <em>Buteo<\/em> (Aves: Accipitridae) based on mitochondrial marker sequences. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution<\/em> 27:328-342.<\/p><p>Riley, J.H. 1908. Notes on the Broad-winged Hawks of the West Indies, with Description of a New Form. <em>Auk<\/em> 25:268-276.<\/p><p>Rowlett, R.A. 1980. Migrant Broad-winged Hawks in Tobago. <em>Journal of the Hawk Migration Association of North America<\/em> 2:54.<\/p><p>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Puerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk and Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned Hawk (<em>Buteo platypterus brunnescens and Accipiter striatus venator<\/em>) Recovery Plan. <a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.fws.gov\/docs\/recovery_plan\/970908.pdf\">https:\/\/ecos.fws.gov\/docs\/recovery_plan\/970908.pdf<\/a>.<\/p><p>Vilella, F.J. and D.W. Hengstenberg. 2006. Broad-winged Hawk (<em>Buteo platypterus brunnescens<\/em>) movements and habitat use in a moist limestone forest of Puerto Rico. <em>Ornitolog\u00eda Neotropical<\/em> 17: 563-579.<\/p><p>White, C.M., P. Boesman, and J.S. Marks. 2018. Broad-winged Hawk (<em>Buteo platypterus<\/em>). In <em>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive<\/em> (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, and E. de Juana, eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/53124\">https:\/\/www.hbw.com\/node\/53124<\/a>. (Accessed September 29, 2018.)<\/p><p>Wikiaves, Gavi\u00e3o-de-asa-larga, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiaves.com.br\/gaviao-de-asa-larga\">https:\/\/www.wikiaves.com.br\/gaviao-de-asa-larga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a9 Jack and Shirley Foreman \u00a9 Ross Gallardy Birdfinding.info \u21d2\u00a0 Fairly common across much of its large range.\u00a0 Breeds and winters mainly in forests.\u00a0 During migration, it can be seen in large flocks at concentration points along the Great Lakes, in the Appalachians, and along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Veracruz, where daily counts 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